Studying the Martian atmosphere is important in planetary science. The boundary layer turbulence is characterized at the Zhurong location using spectrum analysis, two-dimensional spectrum, and similarity theory. The results reveal that the atmospheric temperature and wind at the Zhurong location are consistent with Kolmogorov’s “-5/3” turbulence laws. The atmospheric movement at the Zhurong location has four usual weather scales: 50 m, 100 m, 150 m, and 200 m. The atmospheric refractive index structure parameters, and thus the effect of turbulence on the light propagation, at the Zhuong and Insight locations are 3 or 4 orders less than at the Perseverance location. The sensible heat flux values in the Zhurong location is mainly in the range of 0-10 W/m²and increases during measurement. The clear seasonal variability in heat flux flow with greater value in spring and summer than in autumn and winter is revealed at both the Zhuong and Insight locations.

Previous studies on future scenarios identified two key effects of increasing CO2 on the African summer monsoon (ASM): Rising CO2 leads to an enhancement in moisture supply, favoring an increase in ASM precipitation (the thermodynamic effect). However, it also results in a weakening in mean atmospheric flow, thus facilitating a dryness across the ASM region (the dynamic effect). Therefore, the ultimate change in ASM precipitation stems from the balance of both the thermodynamic and dynamic effects. This study further examines the impact of rising CO2 on ASM rainfall, by taking into account various climate states. Our results suggest that an increase in CO2 during warm interglacial periods has a stronger influence from thermodynamic factors than from dynamic factors, resulting in an enhancement in ASM rainfall. In contrast, if CO2 increases under cold glacial climate backgrounds, its dynamic impact dominates a reduction of rainfall in the ASM region.

Projection of the global monsoon (GM) system is essential for water resource management, food security, and policymaking. Here we investigate projected changes in global monsoon area (GMA) and global monsoon intensity (GMI) with specific global warming levels, using two datasets of large-ensemble simulations. Both datasets project quasi-linear increases in GMA and GMI with global warming. The GMI over Northern-Hemisphere continents is consistently enhanced, while the GMI over Southern-Hemisphere continents are dominated by opposite changes in the GMI over South America. In addition, both datasets show enhanced monsoon intensity over most parts of regional monsoon domains, except for the North American monsoon. The different changes of the North American monsoon are up on projected temperature differences between the equatorial eastern Pacific and the tropical Atlantic. Moisture budget shows that the thermodynamic component always makes a large positive contribution to the increase in monsoon precipitation, while evaporation has a smaller positive contribution, except for the East Asian monsoon. The contribution of the dynamic component shows large differences for different regional monsoons. Therefore, the different changes in regional monsoon precipitation are mainly caused by the dynamic component.