During the first 2934 sols of the Curiosity rover’s mission 33,468 passive visible/near-infrared reflectance spectra were taken of the surface by the mast-mounted ChemCam instrument on a range of target types. ChemCam spectra of bedrock targets from the Murray and Carolyn Shoemaker formations on Mt. Sharp were investigated using principal component analysis (PCA) and various spectral parameters including the band depth at 535 nm and the slope between 840 nm and 750 nm. Four endmember spectra were identified. Passive spectra were compared to Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) data to search for correlations between spectral properties and elemental abundances. The correlation coefficient between FeOT reported by LIBS and BD535 from passive spectra was used to search for regions where iron may have been added to the bedrock through oxidation of ferrous-bearing fluids, but no correlations were found. Rocks in the Blunts Point-Sutton Island transition that have unique spectral properties compared to surrounding rocks, that is flat near-infrared (NIR) slopes and weak 535 nm absorptions, are associated with higher Mn and Mg in the LIBS spectra of bedrock. Additionally, calcium-sulfate cements, previously identified by Ca and S enrichments in the LIBS spectra of bedrock, were also shown to be associated with spectral trends seen in Blunts Point. A shift towards steeper near-infrared slope is seen in the Hutton interval, indicative of changing depositional conditions or increased diagenesis.

Wastewater catchment area data are essential for wastewater treatment capacity planning and have recently become critical for operationalising wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for COVID-19. Owing to the privatised nature of the water industry in the United Kingdom, the required catchment area datasets are not readily available to researchers. Here, we present a consolidated dataset of 7,537 catchment areas from ten sewerage service providers in the Great Britain, covering more than 96% of the population of England and Wales. We develop a geospatial method for estimating the population resident within each catchment from small area population estimates generated by the Office for National Statistics. The method is more widely applicable to matching electronic health records to wastewater infrastructure. Population estimates are highly predictive of population equivalent treatment loads reported under the European Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive. We highlight challenges associated with using geospatial data for wastewater-based epidemiology.

Maintaining a healthy soil microbiome is important for key soil functions and plant growth. However, little is known about temporal changes in soil microbial communities across different soils and nitrogen fertilization in production soils. The aim of this investigation was to determine soil bacterial and fungal baseline communities and seasonal changes in cornfields, under contrasting soil orders with and without nitrogen fertilization. Three Missouri soil orders (Entisol, Alfisol, and Mollisol) and two nitrogen fertilizer rates (0 and 225 kg nitrogen ha-1) were used for this research. Soil samples (0-5 and 5-15 cm) were taken six times during the season, starting prior to planting up to the R2 corn growth stage. Samples were used to determine bacterial and fungal abundancies and biomass. Soil characteristics (e.g., CEC, pH, organic matter) and nitrogen fertilization showed significant but minor influence on bacterial abundance and biomass, while soil order and corn growth stage had major influence. Each soil order had a distinct and significantly different bacterial and fungal community. Soil depth significantly influenced all Beta diversity metrics, and bacterial and fungal biomass were greater in the 0-5 cm depth. No microbial interactions influenced corn growth more than nitrogen. Though strong relationships between microbes and soil and plant health have been shown, linkages of microbiome information to agronomic decisions are rare. Before developing soil microbial information based decision aids for farmers, longer temporal sampling in more growing environments are needed to identify links between management practices and microbial information.

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data help to determine the total water storage anomalies (TWS) across the global scale. The various other important components such as Groundwater storage (GWS) and evapotranspiration for the region of South –East Asia have been determined. With the study of the gravity variation across the globe the long-term changes in the hydrological cycle can be determined which can be related to climate science or the influence of anthropogenic activities. The variation between the Groundwater storage (GWS) and the Total water storage (TWS) of the study area has been calculated for the pre and post-monsoon season of the study area. The variation between groundwater storage and total water storage can be visualized through geospatial analysis. Therefore, the regions with a substantial decrease in water storage can be related to various climate and anthropogenic factors hence implying a sustainable use of groundwater as a resource. Keywords: Machine Learning, Remote Sensing, Groundwater Recharge, Climate science.

The concept of the ecological niche is fundamental to understanding species distributions but it often overlooks the critical role of demography in shaping said distributions. Conversely, demographic theory has traditionally neglected how vital rates vary across environments, limiting our understanding of population dynamics across species’ ranges. Over 50 years ago, Maguire proposed conceptualising the ecological niche as composed of multiple “demographic niches” corresponding to separate vital rates such as survival, development, and reproduction. Despite its potential for ecological research, Maguire’s perspective never really took off. Here, we introduce the “demographic niche concept” (DNC), a contemporary evolution of Maguire’s perspective, integrating recent advances in niche theory and demography to formalise the DNC. We first outline the theoretical foundations of the DNC, focusing on vital rate variation along environmental gradients and its role in shaping ecological niches. We then formalise the definition of the DNC, explore how demographic niches and their boundaries are determined, and introduce a framework for applying the DNC in environmental and geographic spaces. Importantly, we present the DNC as a tool for conservation planning by improving our ability to identify critical areas where specific demographic processes are vital for species persistence or absent under global change. Throughout this review, we also explore methods for modelling and integrating demographic niches and discuss their relevance for addressing global challenges such as climate change. By integrating the ecological niche with demographic theory, we propose testable hypotheses on how and why vital rates vary within niche space, the current frontier of the DNC. Finally, we identify key knowledge gaps and suggest research directions to address these gaps. By advancing the conceptual and methodological tools of the DNC, this review establishes a foundation for future empirical research and applications, offering new directions for ecological theory and conservation amidst a changing world.

This article has been moved to arXiv platform >>

Extreme precipitation events, including those associated with weather fronts, have wide-ranging impacts across the world. Here we use a deep learning algorithm to identify weather fronts in high resolution Community Earth System Model (CESM) simulations over the contiguous United States (CONUS), and evaluate the results using observational and reanalysis products. We further compare results between CESM simulations using present-day and future climate forcing, to study how these features might change with climate change. We find that detected front frequencies in CESM have seasonally varying spatial patterns and responses to climate change and are found to be associated with modeled changes in large scale circulation such as the jet stream. We also associate the detected fronts with precipitation and find that total and extreme frontal precipitation mostly decreases with climate change, with some seasonal and regional differences. Decreases in Northern Hemisphere summer frontal precipitation are largely driven by changes in the frequency of different front types, especially cold and stationary fronts. On the other hand, Northern Hemisphere winter exhibits some regional increases in frontal precipitation that are largely driven by changes in frontal precipitation intensity. While CONUS mean and extreme precipitation generally increase during all seasons in these climate change simulations, the likelihood of frontal extreme precipitation decreases, demonstrating that extreme precipitation has seasonally varying sources and mechanisms that will continue to evolve with climate change.

The high latitude ionospheric evolution of the May 10-11, 2024, geomagnetic storm is investigated in terms of Total Electron Content and contextualized with Incoherent Scatter Radar and ionosonde observations. Substantial plasma lifting is observed within the initial Storm Enhanced Density plume with ionospheric peak heights increasing by 150km to 300km, reaching levels of up to 630km. Scintillation is observed within the cusp during the initial expansion phase of the storm, spreading across the auroral oval thereafter. Patch transport into the polar cap produces broad regions of scintillation that are rapidly cleared from the region after a strong Interplanetary Magnetic Field reversal at 2230UT. Strong heating and composition changes result in the complete absence of the F2-layer on the 11th, suffocating high latitude convection from dense plasma necessary for Tongue of Ionization and patch formation, ultimately resulting in a suppression of polar cap scintillation on the 11th.

We report the first detection of unrest at Socompa, Northern Chile, a stratovolcano which has recorded no eruptions since ~7,200 years ago. We measure deformation at and around Socompa using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations between Jan 2018 and Oct 2021. We find that, whilst initially inactive, Socompa shows a steady uplift (17.5 mm/yr) from Dec 2019, independently recorded by near-field continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) data. The data can be fit with pressure increase in an ellipsoidal source region stretching from 1.9 to 9.5 km, with a volume change rate of ~5.8×106 m3/yr. Our observations of the onset of uplift preclude the possibility that a nearby Mw 6.8 deep intraslab earthquake on 3rd June 2020 triggered the unrest. The deformation signal we detect indicates the initiation of unrest at Socompa, after at least two decades without measurable deformation, and many thousands of years without volcanic activity.

Climate tipping points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-perpetuating beyond a forcing threshold, leading to abrupt and/or irreversible impacts. Synthesizing paleoclimate, observational, and model-based studies, we provide a revised shortlist of global ‘core’ tipping elements and regional ‘impact’ tipping elements and their temperature thresholds. Current global warming of ~1.1°C above pre-industrial already lies within the lower end of some tipping point uncertainty ranges. Several more tipping points may be triggered in the Paris Agreement range of 1.5-2°C global warming, with many more likely at the 2-3°C of warming expected on current policy trajectories. This strengthens the evidence base for urgent action to mitigate climate change and to develop improved tipping point risk assessment, early warning capability, and adaptation strategies.

A document by Chang Liao. Click on the document to view its contents.

The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano violently erupted on 15 January 2022, producing the largest perturbation of the stratospheric aerosol layer since Pinatubo 1991, despite the estimated modest injection of SO2. Here we present novel SO2 and sulphate aerosol (SA) co-retrievals from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Instrument, and use them to study the dispersion of the Hunga Tonga plume over the entire year 2022. We observe rapid conversion of SO2 (e-folding time: 17.1±0.6 days) to sulphate aerosols (SA), with an initial injected burden of >1.0 Tg. This points at larger SO2 injections than previously thought. A long-lasting SA plume was observed, with a meridional dispersion of marked anomalies from the tropics to the higher southern hemispheric latitudes. A very small SA removal is observed after 1-year dispersion. The total SA mass burden was estimated at 1.6 ± 0.1 Tg in total column, with a build-up e-folding time of about 2 months.

Using model simulations, we demonstrate that the response of top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes to localized tropical sea surface temperature (SST) perturbations exhibits numerous non-linearities. Most pronounced is an ‘asymmetry’ in the response to positive and negative SST perturbations. Additionally, we identify a ‘magnitude-dependence’ of response on the size of the SST perturbation. We then explain how these non-linearities arise as a robust consequence of convective quasi-equilibrium and weak (but non-zero) temperature gradients in the tropical free-troposphere, which we encapsulate in a ‘circus tent’ model of the tropical atmosphere. These results demonstrate that the climate response to SST perturbations is fundamentally non-linear, and highlight potential deficiencies in work which has assumed linearity in the response.

The Tropical cyclone (TC) forecast skill of the eight global medium-range forecast models which are participating in the DIMOSIC (DIfferent Models, Same Initial Conditions) project is investigated in this study. Each model was used to generate 10-day forecasts from the same initial conditions provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. There are a total of 123 initial dates spanning in one year from June 2018 to June 2019 with a 3-day interval. The TC track and intensity forecasts are evaluated against the best track dataset. TC-related precipitation and tropical cyclogenesis forecasts are also compared to explore the differences and similarities of TC forecasts across the models. This comparison of TC forecasts allows model developers in different centers to benchmark their model against other models, with the impact of the initial condition quality removed. The verifications reveal that most models show slow-moving and right-of-track biases in their TC track forecasts. Also, a common dry bias in TC-related precipitation indicates a general deficiency in TC intensity and convection in the models which should be related to insufficient model resolution. These findings provide important references for future model developments.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents the largest pool of reactive carbon on the Earth and plays a crucial role in various biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functions. However, it is understudied for a global understanding of DOM molecular properties such as molecular weight, stoichiometry, and oxidation state, and the linkages among them across Earth systems. Here, a meta-analysis of 2,707 sites in 204 literatures was conducted by synthesizing four representative molecular properties of DOM, i.e., mass, double bond equivalent (DBE), modified aromaticity index (AImod), and nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC). By exploring H/C and O/C ratios, we examined the relationships among these DOM properties across waters and land systems, and their geographical patterns and environmental drivers. We found that, compared to land system, the mass, DBE, and AImod were all significantly higher in water systems, with river sediments exhibiting the highest values. DOM oxidation state indicated by NOSC was greater on average in wastewater (NOSC = 0.226 ± 0.06) and marine water (NOSC = 0.133 ± 0.06) than in other habitats. Compared to waters, the mass in land system showed more strongly positive correlations with oxidation states such as NOSC and O/C, and the NOSC showed stronger relations to bioavailability properties such as DBE, AImod, and H/C. Among all the properties, H/C and AImod contributed to the most variations in global DOM properties. In waters, NOSC monotonically increased towards high latitudes, while DBE and AImod showed significant hump-shaped patterns indicating peaked unsaturation and aromaticity at mid-latitudes of approximately 30°-50°. The variations in DOM properties were significantly correlated with environmental factors such as annual mean temperature and pH. Collectively, we revealed the spatial distribution and environmental drivers of DOM molecular properties across Earth ecosystems, which could shed light on our comprehensive understanding of DOM characteristics and its dynamics.

A document by Michelle Ragany. Click on the document to view its contents.

Current and emerging approaches to subsurface storage suffer from geographical limitations and in some cases insufficient seal integrity or lateral containment. We propose an innovative containment strategy based on time-dependent yield stress materials, namely Smectite clay suspensions, to address these challenges and make subsurface storage reliable and geographically agnostic. We outline a containment strategy designed to reinforce natural subsurface seals and engineer flow barriers. As a high-risk, high-reward approach, suspension can be injected at its initial low viscosity and elasticity into a porous medium, allowing for easy pumping and targeted delivery, once inside the target zone, it matures into a soft solid with much higher viscosity and elasticity, acting as a flow barrier. We introduce and discuss the exceptional properties of this Smectite suspensions that we believe can revolutionize subsurface containment and storage to move in tandem with the energy transition. There are no adverse effects from higher temperatures on its long-term stability, unlike most polymer aqueous dispersions used in the industry. Moreover, its thixotropic microstructure offers many advantages in operations, such as handling sudden pump shutdowns.

Variations in fault maturity have intermittently been invoked to explain variations in some seismological observations for large earthquakes. However, the lack of a unified geological definition of fault maturity makes quantitative assessment of its importance difficult. We evaluate the degree of empirical correlation between field measurements indicative of fault zone maturity and remotely measured seismological source parameters of 34 large shallow strike-slip events. Metrics based on fault segmentation, such as number of primary rupture segments and surface rupture azimuth, correlate best with seismic source attributes and the correlations with cumulative fault slip are somewhat weaker. Average rupture velocity shows the strongest correlation with metrics of maturity, followed by relative aftershock productivity. Mature faults have relatively lower aftershock productivity and higher rupture velocity. A more complex relation is found with moment-scaled radiated energy. There appears to be distinct behavior of very immature events with no prior mapped fault and < 1 km cumulative slip, which radiate modest seismic energy, while moderately mature faults have events with higher moment-scaled radiated energy and very mature faults with increasing cumulative slip tend to have events with reducing moment-scaled radiated energy. We also explore qualitative and composite assessments of maturity and arrive at similar trends. This empirical approach establishes that there are relationships between remote seismological observations and fault system maturity that can help to understand variations in seismic hazard among different fault environments and to assess the relative maturity of blind fault systems for which direct observations of maturity are very limited.