Transformation of Precursor Iron(III) Minerals in Diagenetic Fluids:
Potential Origin of Gray Hematite at Vera Rubin Ridge
Abstract
Coarse-grained (> 3-5 µm) gray hematite particles occur at
Vera Rubin ridge (VRR) within Gale crater, Mars. VRR has likely
undergone multiple episodes of diagenesis, at least one of which
resulted in the formation of gray hematite. The precursor mineralogy and
nature of the diagenetic fluids that produced coarse-grained hematite
remain unknown. Analog laboratory experiments were performed on a
variety of iron(III) minerals to assess the potential fluid conditions
and precursor mineralogy that form coarse-grained hematite. Gray
hematite formed from the transformation of jarosite after 20 days at 200
ºC. Conversion was complete in chloride-rich fluids but substantial
jarosite remained in sulfate-rich fluids; no transformations of jarosite
occurred when aged at 98 °C. All other precursor minerals (akageneite,
ferrihydrite, goethite, and schwertmannite) did not transform or
produced only red, fine-grained hematite under all conditions assessed.
In addition, seeding precursor iron(III) phases with red hematite and
coarsening pre-existing red hematite both failed to produce gray
hematite. These results suggest that jarosite was the precursor of gray
hematite at VRR and the diagenetic fluids were low in sulfate and
potentially chloride-rich. Jarosite produces gray hematite because the
acidic conditions it generates yield both a low degree of hematite
supersaturation, producing few nuclei, and high dissolved iron
concentrations, enabling rapid hematite growth. Gray hematite readily
forms under oxic conditions and its occurrence at VRR is not a marker
for a redox interface. The associated diagenetic event was thus unlikely
to have generated substantial new chemical energy for life.