On the variability of total electron content over Europe during the 2009
and 2019 Northern Hemisphere SSWs
Abstract
The nature of the variability of the Total Electron Content (TEC) over
Europe is investigated during the 2009 and 2019 Northern Hemisphere (NH)
SSW events in this study. As the TEC variability is driven by
geomagnetic and lower atmospheric forcing mechanisms, we investigate the
dominant drivers and their respective contributions to TEC changes
during both SSW events. We simulate the SSWs using the Whole Atmosphere
Community Climate Model eXtended version (WACCM-X) and compare the
semidiurnal solar and lunar tidal variabilities in the mesosphere-lower
thermosphere (MLT) region. Further, in order to assess the mechanisms
responsible for the TEC variability during both SSWs, we run numerical
experiments using the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
Thermosphere-Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model
(TIE-GCM). We constrain the TIE-GCM lower boundary with the WACCM-X
fields and carry out simulations both with and without geomagnetic
forcing for each of the SSWs. The TIE-GCM simulations allow us to
isolate the geomagnetic and lower atmospheric forcing effects on the
TEC. We find that there was a major enhancement in daytime TEC over
Europe during the 2019 SSW event, which was predominantly
geomagnetically forced (~80%), while for the 2009 SSW,
the major variability in TEC was accounted for by lower atmospheric
forcing.