The propagation of high-frequency elastic-flexural waves through an ice shelf was modeled by a full 3-D elastic models. These models based on the momentum equations that were written as the well-known differential equations (model#1) and as the integro-differential equations (model#2). The integro-differential form implies the vertical integration of the momentum equations from the ice surface to the current vertical coordinate z like, for instance, in the Blatter-Pattyn ice flow model (e.g., Pattyn, 2000). The sea water flow under the ice shelf is described by the wave equation (Holdsworth and Glynn, 1978). The numerical solutions were obtained by a finite-difference method. Numerical experiments were undertaken for a crevasse-ridden ice shelf (Freed-Brown et al., 2012) with different spatial periodicities of the crevasses. In this research the modeled positions of the band gaps in the dispersion spectra are investigated from the point of view of agreement of these positions with the Bragg’s law. The performed numerical experiments showed the different response to the periodical ocean wave impact in the considered models in the context of appearance of the band gaps in the dispersion spectra. The distinction is in the threshold value of the crevasses depth, at which the band gaps that should appear accordingly the Bragg’s law, in fact, arise in the dispersion spectra obtained by the models (Fig.1). In particular, the model#2 based on the depth-integrated momentum equations provides the smaller threshold value, which depends on the spatial periodicity of the crevasses. References Freed-Brown, J., Amundson, J., MacAyeal, D., & Zhang, W. Blocking a wave: Frequency band gaps in ice shelves with periodic crevasses. Annals of Glaciology, 53(60), 85-89. doi:10.3189/2012AoG60A120, 2012. Holdsworth, G., & Glynn, J.: Iceberg calving from floating glaciers by a vibrating mechanism. Nature, 274, 464-466, 1978 Konovalov, Y.V.: Ice-shelf vibrations modeled by a full 3-D elastic model. Annals of Glaciology, 60(79) 68-74, doi: 10.1017/aog.2019.9, 2019. Konovalov, Y.V.: Abatement of Ocean-Wave Impact by Crevasses in an Ice Shelf. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 9, 46. doi: 10.3390/jmse9010046, 2021. Pattyn F.: Ice-sheet modeling at different spatial resolutions: focus on the grounding zone, Annals of Glaciology, 31, 211-216, 2000.

Catchment studies provide foundational scientific knowledge that is relevant to policy, resource management, education, outreach, and public awareness of the environment and environmental problems. Through a concerted effort to highlight the catchments and catchment studies behind a rich legacy of scientific findings, we have led several efforts to promote long-term and place-based research at monitoring, observatory, and ecosystem study sites. Our efforts have included sessions at AGU and other professional meetings, a special issue of Hydrological Processes, and a CUAHSI Cyberseminar series on monitoring and observation at research catchments that span the globe. In this poster, we continue to promote the catchments and innovative research at those sites by summarizing our efforts and updating a map of the catchment studies that we have identified. Our primary objective is to stimulate discussion about the vibrant state of the catchment sciences, the sites that make the science possible, and how to move forward in coming decades.

To correctly simulate and retrieve dust distributions and estimate dust impacts, global aerosol models and remote sensing retrieval algorithms need accurate single-scattering properties of dust aerosols. However, inconsistent and inaccurate quantifications of dust shape and shape distributions are used in models and retrieval algorithms, generating biases that propagate into the estimated dust distributions and dust impacts. To improve models and retrieval algorithms, here we for the first time account for the realistic dust shape distributions in obtaining single-scattering properties of dust aerosols. We find that approximating dust as spheres and neglecting dust asphericity, as most global aerosol models do, result in substantial underestimations in the extinction efficiency, the asymmetry factor, and the single-scattering albedo for all dust sizes in both the shortwave and longwave spectra. In addition, we find that the inaccurate quantification of dust shape in retrieval algorithms causes them to generate an incorrect magnitude and wavelength dependence of the linear depolarization ratio relative to observations. Our new ellipsoidal dust optics accounting for realistic shape distributions produce excellent agreement with the measured linear depolarization ratio. Although these new dust optics show potential to improve models and retrieval algorithms, they underestimate the magnitude of the back-scattering intensity relative to laboratory and field observations. This finding indicates that a realistic quantification of dust body shape is not sufficient and that an accurate quantification of dust surface texture is also critical to accurately reproduce dust optical properties at back-scattering angles.

Disasters triggered by extreme precipitation events i.e., landslides, debris flows, and floods cause devastating damages to lives, infrastructure, and the economy. Under a warming climate, precipitation extremes and the occurrence of debris flows are further expected to intensify. Driven by extreme runoff, the triggering of debris flows can be simultaneous. Their concurrent occurrence multiplies complexity in decision-making during emergencies. Despite advancements in geotechnics and network science, a systematic framework to analyze the impact of debris flows on road networks is lacking. While network science-based approaches work on large-scale, geotechnics-based damage assessments are done solely on a site-to-site basis. Here we develop an integrated approach to analyze the impacts of simultaneous debris flows on road networks. The approach includes a novel infinite slope-based one-dimensional numerical model that simulates runoff-induced erosion and a network science-based mathematical model for road failures. This study covers multiple catastrophic events of debris flows that occurred in different geological and climate settings i.e., post-earthquake, post-volcanic, and post-wildfire environments. We perform spatio-temporal simulations of initiation and runout of debris flows and calculate the damage caused on individual road segments. We validate the model results using metadata. Our results show even remote local disturbances caused by successive debris flows upstream may lead to complete cascading disruption of the network downstream. Our unified strategy opens avenues to understand the resilience of critical infrastructure networks against catastrophic debris flows.

The “greenhouse” climates of the Paleocene and Eocene have formed the focus for many proxy and modelling studies in recent decades, as they are the closest geological analogues for our future warmer anthropogenic world. Yet, the long-term evolution of ocean temperature and carbonate chemistry at orbital-resolution, especially at low latitudes, are still poorly constrained. Here we present new orbital-resolution foraminiferal trace metal (Mg/Ca & B/Ca) records spanning the late Paleocene to early Eocene (~58–53 Ma) from a new splice between ODP Site 758 and IODP Site U1443, Ninetyeast Ridge, northern Indian Ocean. We generated coupled Mg/Ca and B/Ca records from well-preserved mixed layer and thermocline-dwelling planktic foraminifera, and benthic foraminifera deposited at a shallow palaeo-water depth (~1500 m), to construct temperature change and carbonate chemistry (related to pH and DIC concentration) across a water column depth transect above Ninetyeast Ridge. Our new trace metal records are the first long-term orbital-resolution records of their kind from the poorly studied Indian Ocean. We estimate both the magnitude of long-term warming and associated carbonate chemistry change from the late Paleocene–early Eocene, as well as the magnitude of change on orbital (405- & 100-kyr) timescales. In addition, a portion of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum is resolved in our records, providing a critical minimum constraint for the magnitude of temperature and carbonate chemistry change within the low-latitude Indian Ocean during this hyperthermal event.

Evidence of syntectonic magmatism associated with onset extension and unroofing of the Menderes Massif metamorphic core complex, western Turkey, is well documented. The Salihli and Turgutlu plutons, located along the Alasehir detachment in the Central Menderes Massif (CMM) and the Koyunoba and Eğrigöz Plutons located in the Northern Menderes Massif (NMM) are common targets for understanding the dynamics and timing of this Cenozoic activity. To this end, here we report new potassium feldspar 40Ar/39Ar ages from samples collected from each pluton and compare these to available zircon U-Pb and monazite Th-Pb crystallization ages. Argon age spectra were collected by incrementally heating bulk concentrates with a CO2 laser and analyzing the gas released at each step. The peraluminous granite samples from the Koyunoba (AT17) and Eğrigöz (WA12) plutons both have effectively flat spectra with average plateau ages of 20.12±0.05 Ma and 19.86±0.05 Ma, respectively. The U-Pb age of zircon from WA12 is 20.5±1.1 Ma [Catlos et al., 2012; doi: 10.2475/05.2012.03 ]; although a zircon U-Pb age from AT17 has not been reported, zircon from other Koyunoba rocks have U-Pb ages between 21.1 Ma and 23.2 Ma [1]. K-feldspar from sample EB06 (Turgutlu Granite) steadily increases in age from 10.62±0.03 Ma to a plateau age of 14.06±0.03 Ma, with similar inverse isochron (13.66±0.29 Ma) and total gas ages (13.36±0.2 Ma). Sample EB05 (Salihli Granite) increases in age from 3.27±0.10 Ma (step 3, 0.5% 39Ar released) to a maximum of 6.05±0.09 Ma (step 33, 96.6% 39Ar released). A plateau age could not be estimated for this sample, but two inverse isochron ages from different degassing steps are calculated (3.02±0.09 Ma for the initial 19 steps and 3.29±0.22 Ma, for the final steps 19-31). Regarding their crystallization histories, the oldest reported monazite Th-Pb age for EB06 is 15.5±1.2 Ma [2] and reported monazite Th-Pb ages for Salhili granite ranges from 9.6±1.6 Ma to 21.7±4.5 Ma [Catlos et al., 2010; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.06.001]. These 40Ar/39Ar ages suggest NMM plutons rapidly cooled whereas CMM Salihli and Turgutlu plutons not only remained at depth below the argon retention window for a prolonged period following emplacement, but each experienced unique thermal (exhumation) histories despite their geographic proximity.

Muography is an imaging technique using the directional flux of atmospheric muons to indirectly study a suitable object of geophysical or strategic interest. In this work we present the current status of some projects that are being carried out by our groups looking for potential muography applications in Argentina. These developments range from the application of this technique on large structures, such as volcanoes or dams; exploration of minerals in shallow mines; and for the study of the muon flux inside underground laboratories, such as the incoming ANDES underground laboratory. Development and implementation of novel muon detection techniques are required to achieve the spatial and temporal resolution needed for some of these projects, and new prototypes are being built in Buenos Aires, Argentina, including, e.g., sub pixel spatial resolution on cheaper, lighter and faster detectors. In this work we present the current status of our prototypes and an analysis of possible application targets at the argentinian volcanoes Copahue and Peteroa and in the ANDES underground laboratory. These results are based on logistic and technical criteria, such as the calculation of the distance traveled by the muons depending on the site and the trajectories of the muons through layers of different types of rocks.

A key challenge in accurate simulations of desert dust emission is the parameterization of the threshold wind speed above which dust emission occurs. However, the existing parameterizations yield a unrealistically low dust emission threshold in some climate models such as the Community Earth System Model (CESM), leading to higher simulated dust source activation frequencies than observed and requiring global tuning constants to scale down dust emissions. Here we develop a more realistic parameterization for the dust emission threshold in CESM. In particular, we account for the dissipation of surface wind momentum by surface roughness elements such as vegetation, rocks, and pebbles, which reduce the wind momentum exerted on the bare soil surface. We achieve this by implementing a dynamic wind drag partition model by considering the roughness of the time-varying vegetation as quantified by the leaf area index (LAI), as well as the time-invariant rocks and pebbles using satellite-derived aeolian roughness length. Furthermore, we account for the effect of soil size on dust emission threshold by replacing the currently used globally constant soil median diameter with a spatially varying soil texture map. Results show that with the new parameterization dust emissions decrease by 20–80% over source regions such as Africa, Middle East, and Asia, thereby reducing the need for the global tuning constant. Simulated dust emissions match better in both spatiotemporal variability and emission frequency when compared against satellite observed dust activation frequency data. Our results suggest that including more physical dust emission parameterizations into climate models can lessen bias and improve simulation results, possibly eliminate the use of empirical source functions, and reduce the need for tuning constants. This development could improve assessments of dust impacts on the Earth system.

Stream confluences are ubiquitous features in freshwater networks, have distinct hydrogeomorphic characteristics relative to upstream tributaries and downstream reaches, and serve as junctions of previously independent streams. Confluences may enhance or disrupt biological processes. How ecosystem functions (e.g., carbon metabolism, nutrient removal) change at confluences remains a knowledge gap in our understanding of the processes controlling water quality at the network-scale. To test how carbon and nutrient cycling may differ between confluences and their tributaries, we estimated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and PO43- uptake in October 2018 and July 2019 in two tributary reaches as well as downstream of their confluence mixing zone using pulse injections of roasted barley leachate (a standardized, colored DOC source), K2HPO4, and NaCl (a non-bioreactive tracer). We hypothesized that biological processes would be enhanced at confluences due to the delivery and mixing of different microbial communities and/or carbon and nutrient sources. We calculated PO43- and DOC uptake velocities (vf-PO4, vf-DOC) and compared them across sites and season. In October 2018, vf-PO4 in each tributary was 10.2 and 4.9 mm/min while vf-DOC was 0.84 and 0.38 mm/min. vf-PO4 downstream (6.6 mm/min) was lower than vf-PO4 predicted from a mixing model of upstream vf-PO4 and proportional flow contributions of tributaries (10.1 mm/min), suggesting in-stream PO43- uptake was suppressed as a result of confluence mixing. Conversely, vf-DOC downstream (0.94 mm/min) was higher than vf-DOC predicted from a mixing model (0.75 mm/min). This difference in measured and predicted vf-DOC was supported by bioassay experiments, which found enhanced DOC uptake downstream of the mixing zone. DOC uptake within the confluence mixing zone was spatially heterogeneous (0.00 to 0.19 day-1) and varied more within mixing zone transects than among the two tributary reaches. Ongoing analyses are comparing uptake estimates among seasons. Our results suggest that DOC and PO43- uptake at confluences cannot be estimated from tributary DOC and PO43- uptake alone. A critical next step in this work is to identify the mechanisms behind confluence-derived changes in carbon metabolism and nutrient removal across freshwater networks.

Venus is comparable to the Earth in size and overall distance from the Sun, but is outside of a defined “habitable zone” in which water can exist in liquid form. The deep atmosphere of Venus provides a hostile environment for life. However, recent work suggests that the atmosphere at cloud altitudes, which includes regions with temperatures and pressures similar to those at the Earth’s surface, could provide possible locations for microscopic life. Since the transit method strongly favors observations of planets close to their host stars, Venus analogs may be common in exoplanet observations. With over 100 Earth-sized exoplanets observed to date, it is important to be able to identify the characteristics of Venus analogs. Thick layers of clouds, such as those which enshroud Venus, are the regions most likely to be observed on a Venus-like exoplanet. The cloud layers on Venus display a wide range of wave-related features including global scale and smaller scale gravity waves, Rossby and Kelvin waves, streak-like structures, irregular dark regions, and vortices, and show considerable variations with altitude. It is important to characterize these temporal and spatial variations to understand the dynamics of the cloud-level atmosphere on Venus or Venus-like exoplanets. Observed thermal phase curves of exoplanets may show longitudinal variations, which could indicate inhomogeneities in cloud cover, day-night differences, variations in composition, or the influence of atmospheric waves, which may shift the phase curve relative to the substellar point. To understand and interpret observations of Venus or Venus-like exoplanets at cloud altitudes, simulations have been performed using a Venus middle atmosphere general circulation model. In this investigation we simulate Rossby and Kelvin waves and modify forcing parameters, including the resolution and dissipation, and compare the results with observations from Venus probes, Venus Express and the Akatsuki mission.

Rapid urban growth has led to large population densities in foreland basin regions, and therefore a rapid increase in the number of people exposed to hazard from earthquakes in the adjacent mountain ranges. It is well known that ground shaking is amplified in sedimentary basins. However, questions remain regarding the main controls on this effect. It is, therefore, crucial to identify the main controls on earthquake shaking in foreland basins as a step towards mitigating the earthquake risk posed to these regions. We model seismic-wave propagation (using SW4 finite difference code) from range-front thrust-faulting earthquakes in a foreland-basin setting. The basin geometry (depth and width) and source characteristics (fault dip and source-to-basin distance) were varied, and the resultant ground motion was calculated. We find that the source depth determines the amount of near-source ground shaking and the basin structure controls the propagation of this energy into the foreland basin. Of particular importance is the relative length scales of the basin depth and dominant seismic wavelength (controlled by the source characteristics), as this controls the amount of dispersion of surface-wave energy, and so the amplitude and duration of ground motion. The maximum ground motions occur when the basin depth matches the dominant wavelength set by the source. Basins that are shallow compared with the dominant wavelength result in low-amplitude and long-duration dispersed waveforms. However, the basin structure has a smaller effect on the ground shaking than the source depth and geometry, highlighting the need for understanding the depth distribution and dip angles of earthquakes when assessing earthquake hazard in foreland-basin settings.

Evapotranspiration from land surface and vegetation plays an important role as a source of precipitation at continental scale in South America, and more so over the Andes cordillera. We evaluate the local recycling of moisture in a complex orography region located in the Central Andes of Colombia (CAC; 4.5N to 7.5N, 78.6W to 71.4W), comprising the East, Central and West Andean ranges and the two inter-Andean valleys of the Magdalena and Cauca Rivers. To this end, we apply the offline atmospheric moisture tracking model, WAM-2layers (Water Accounting Model-2layers). The model input data comes from the ERA-Interim Reanalysis spanning the period 1980-2016 and at 0.125 x 0.125 degrees resolution. We estimate the spatial distribution of the evaporation recycling ratio εc (source moisture zones) and the precipitation recycling ratio ρc (sink moisture zones) at annual and seasonal timescales. According with our results, up to 63% of the average annual evapotranspiration returns as local precipitation in the CAC. Some specific zones of the Western Cordillera and the eastern hillside of the Central Cordillera are “hot spots” for local moisture recycling given the high values of both εc and ρc. At seasonal timescales, there is more activity of the identified source moisture zones during March-April-May (MAM) and June-July-August (JJA). The higher moisture recycling activity in those seasons interconnects two source regions of moisture: the eastern piedmont of the Eastern Cordillera with the eastern piedmont of the Central Cordillera. Both piedmonts also show high intensity rainfall rates. Finally, our work confirms the fundamental role of local recycled moisture to enhance the midnight and early morning peak of the diurnal cycle of precipitation in the CAC during JJA.

Over the past decade, parts of western Canada have seen a rise in clustered seismic activity coinciding with the growing use of a hydrocarbon reservoir stimulation technique known as hydraulic fracturing. This recent upsurge has the potential to increase the local seismic hazard, particularly in affected areas characterized by a sparser tectonic environment. It is therefore critically important to assess and characterize the space, time and magnitude distributions of induced earthquakes from a statistical standpoint, in order to develop a better understanding of triggering processes and improve forecasting models. In this study, the nearest-neighbour distance method was used to analyze the distribution of space-time inter-event distances across the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin from a regional perspective. Additionally, the epidemic type aftershock sequence model and the Gutenberg-Richter relation were used to compare the structuring and magnitude scaling of several seismic clusters induced by different human operations. The results demonstrate that a transformation in the regional distribution of inter-earthquake distances occurred after 2009, where an emergent subpopulation of abnormally tightly clustered events became distinguishable from both natural and prior-induced seismicity. Several distinctions were also revealed between earthquake clusters occurring near different anthropogenic operations, including a higher proportion of tightly clustered events near hydraulic fracturing treatments which were largely swarm-like in nature.

Launched in October 2018, the ESA/JAXA BepiColombo mission is currently in cruise to reach Mercury in late 2025. The Mercury Orbiter Radioscience Experiment (MORE) is one of the 16 instruments hosted on board the spacecraft. Testing general relativity is among the primary objectives of MORE. Superior conjunction experiments (SCE) will be performed during the interplanetary trajectory, with the aim of obtaining an accurate estimate of the post-Newtonian parameter γ. This is allowed by MORE advanced radio tracking system which provides precise range and Doppler data almost at all solar elongation angles, thus enabling an accurate measure of the relativistic time delay and frequency shift undergone by the signal when the spacecraft is in a superior solar conjunction (SSC). The rst BepiColombo SCE will take place in March 2021, and others will follow during the cruise phase. The nal objective is to place new limits to the accuracy of the general relativity as a theory of gravity in the weak eld limit, improving previous result from the Cassini SCE (Bertotti et al. 2003), which was able to determine that γ-1=(2.1±2.3)×10-5. Because of the proximity to the Sun, the spacecraft will undergo severe solar radiation pressure acceleration, and the effect of the random uctuations of the solar irradiance may become a major concern. We address the problem of a realistic estimate of the outcome of the SCE of BepiColombo, by including the effects of solar irradiance random variations in the dynamical model. We analyzed the experiment under different assumptions on the ranging system performances, observation coverage and solar activity showing their impact on the attainable result. We propose a numerical method to mitigate the impact of the variable solar radiation pressure on the scienti c result. Our simulations show that, exploiting data from multiple SSCs, the accuracy obtainable in the relativistic time delay measurement is 13×10-6 for a strong solar activity, and 6×10-6 for weak irradiance uctuations. We found that the latter result can be obtained by the rst SSC alone if the plasma noise calibration works until the impact parameter reaches 6 solar radii.

Majority of currently applied environmental models relay on linear relations between environmental endmembers. In this research, a detailed and comprehensive comparison between linear (L) and non-linear (NL) models are presented. The L and NL models are realized in a framework of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The evolution process of the ANN-L and ANN-NL models is based on estimation of fractional snow cover through data-fusion between high resolution (IKONOS) and medium resolution (Landsat TM/ETM+) remotely sensed images. The statistical measure values of R2, RMSE, MAE, Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and Specificity indicate better performance of the ANN-NL model in comparison to the ANN-L in estimation of ANN Landsat-FSC. The presented results, strongly indicate that to fully capture, untangle, and characterize internal environmental relations high-sensitivity non-linear models are required. Non-linear relations are particularly visible the complex in alpine-forested environments.

Extremely halophilic archaea are microbes that thrive under very high salinities (>20% NaCl) and are almost exclusively placed in the class Halobacteria. In addition to their characteristic preference for high salinity and moderately high temperatures, many species of this class are resistant to desiccation, vacuum, and radiation, making them interesting targets for Astrobiological studies as model organisms and particularly relevant for the study of Mars, as highlighted by several authors. This class has a wide environmental range and includes species that live in salty biotopes such as salterns, salted foods, subterranean halite, lakes, or even in deep-sea brines in a list that includes several analogue sites. One current bottleneck of research with this group is the dispersed nature of data associated with its species. Our study partly addresses this by compiling phenotypic information and records of astrobiological experiments for all Halobacteria. We have established a database (HAPIE- Halophilic Archaea Phenotypic Information Explorer) that allows us to quickly compare different species as well as analyse trends and identify knowledge gaps and research opportunities. Our study identified gaps in coverage and knowledge (both at the level of taxonomy and range of tested parameters) and assisted us in defining new testing priorities.

It was recently proposed (Franco et al., Nature 2021) that methanediol (MD, HOCH2OH ) formed by hydration of formaldehyde in liquid cloud droplets is outgassed to a larger extent than previously estimated, and reacts in the gas phase with the hydroxyl radical (OH), leading to formic acid (HCOOH). Whereas the resulting global production of formic acid is greatly dependent on poorly constrained parameters, such as the Henry’s law constant (HLC) of methanediol and the rate constant of its reaction with OH, Franco et al. suggest, based on global model calculations and on newly conducted chamber experiments (for the rate constant) and on statistical prediction methods (for the HLC), that this mechanism explains the large “missing source” of HCOOH in the atmosphere (e.g. Stavrakou et al. 2012). If true, this finding would be of tremendous importance for our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of oxygenated organic compounds. For this reason, it is of utmost importance to double check the validity of thehypotheses and parameterizations behind this assessment. Here we examine two critical aspects of this determination: the HLC (taken equal to either 10^4 or 10^6 M atm^-1 in model simulations by Franco et al.) and the rate of the MD+OH reaction (taken equal to 7.5 × 10^12 cm^3 s^-1 ). The representation of chemical processing in liquid clouds in global models is also briefly discussed. Plausible ranges for those parameters are proposed , and causes of uncertainty are discussed . The potential consequences for the resulting production of formic acid are briefly explored.

The accurate simulation of oceanic turbulence is crucial to understanding global ocean circulation, impacting accurate prediction of global warming effects and national security problems. Nonetheless, high fidelity simulations are difficult due to the ocean’s complex physics and broad range of spatial and temporal scales. These range from the smallest dissipative scales with typical lengths of millimeters, to the largest energetic mesoscale eddies with characteristic wavelengths exceeding tens of kilometers. Whereas the accurate parameterization of all flow scales with the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) is nearly impossible, resolving all scales of turbulence through a direct numerical simulation (DNS) is beyond the capabilities of the most powerful supercomputers in the foreseeable future. Hence, efficient parameterizations are needed. In this work, we extend the bridging partially-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (PANS) model to ocean flows. This parameterization operates between RANS and DNS, and aims only to resolve the scales not amenable to modeling in order to increase the efficiency of ocean computations. We also propose a PANS scale-aware closure to model the unresolved scales. The initial validation tests of the new PANS model include two representative ocean channel flows. The results confirm the potential of the new parameterization to predict oceanographically relevant turbulence efficiently.