Intercalated laminar membrane with controllable interlayer spacing (d-spacing) is one of the most effective membranes for fast molecule separation. In this work, we demonstrate a versatile strategy to create nanosheet-templated water channels in laminar graphene oxide (GO) membranes. The 1.2 nm-thick nickel hydroxide nanosheets as sacrificed intercalators provide a chance to control the d-spacing and simultaneously retain hydrophilicity. The resultant membranes have controllable channels and exhibit over 6 times higher water permeance than the unintercalated membrane. The 880 nm-thick nanosheet-templated GO (NST-GO) membrane has accurate d-spacing of about 1.14 nm and shows high water permeance of 120.3 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 and good molecule separation property, reflecting in high rejection for larger dyes (90.1% for erythrosine b (EB)), while low rejection for smaller dyes (58.3% for methylene blue (MB)). Furthermore, this strategy of intercalating and sacrificing nanosheets has higher potential than traditional intercalation in controlling d-spacing of laminar membranes.

A Rare Coincidence of Turner syndrome and Bronchiectasis: Case Report

Fine needle aspiration cytology, a simple and inexpensive technique can aid in early diagnosis of aspergilloma. Here, we present a case of 55 years old female with a past history of tuberculosis. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the right lung cavitary lesion was performed which confirmed the diagnosis of aspergilloma.

Autopsy was performed on a COVID-19 patient, who suddenly died despite the extensive anti-viral and anti-inflammatory therapies. Although moderate subpleural fibrosis was seen, pathology of DAD, a well-known cause for pulmonary failure, was minimum. Instead, severe hemorrhage was observed. Therapeutic effects were indicated, however why severe hemorrhage occurred was unclear.

Appendiceal diverticulitis is a rare condition that can mimic other diseases' symptoms or cause different symptoms because of its various complications. However, one of the most frequent complications of this disease is perforation, leading to other serious problems such as peritonitis. This complication can threaten a patient's health condition.

Article type: Letter to the Editor

The International Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Database Consortium (INSTRuCT) consists of a collaboration between the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee, the European pediatric Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Study Group (EpSSG), and the Cooperative Weichteilsarkom Studiengruppe (CWS). As part of the larger initiative of INSTRuCT to provide consensus expert opinions for clinical treatment of pediatric soft tissue sarcoma, we sought to provide updated, evidenced-based consensus guidelines for local treatment of parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma using both existing literature as well as recommendations from the relevant cooperative group clinical trials. Overall, parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma represents a distinctly challenging disease to treat given its location near many critical structures in the head and neck, frequently advanced local presentation, and predilection for local failure. Definitive chemoradiation remains the standard treatment approach for parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma, with surgery often limited to biopsy or salvage therapy for recurrent disease. In this consensus paper, we specifically discuss consensus guidelines and evidence for definitive local management with radiotherapy, with a focus on imaging for radiotherapy planning, dose and timing of radiation, approach for nodal irradiation, various radiation techniques including proton therapy, and the limited role of surgical resection.

Primary consumers in aquatic ecosystems are frequently limited by the quality of their food, often expressed as phytoplankton elemental and biochemical composition. Effects of these food quality indicators vary across studies, and the relative importance of elemental (nitrogen and phosphorus) versus biochemical (fatty acid and sterol) limitation in aquatic food webs has been debated. Here we present results of a meta-analysis using >100 experimental studies, which confirms that limitation by N, P, essential fatty acids, and sterols all have significant negative effects on zooplankton performance. However, effects varied by grazer response (growth versus reproduction), specific manipulation, and across taxa. P limitation had greater effects on zooplankton growth than fatty acids, but P and fatty acid limitation had equal effects on reproduction. Furthermore, we show that nutrient co-limitation in zooplankton occurs, that indirect effects induced by P limitation exceed direct effects of mineral P limitation, that effects of nutrient amendments using laboratory phytoplankton isolates exceed those using natural field communities, and that algal physiology mediates zooplankton responses to nutrient limitation. Our meta-analysis reconciles contrasting views about the role of various food quality indicators, and their interactions, for zooplankton performance, and provides a mechanistic understanding of how environmental change affects trophic transfer.

Heat stress (HS) caused by ambient high temperature pose a threat to plants. In the natural and agricultural environment, plants often encounter repeated and changeable HS. Moderate HS primes plants to establishment of a molecular ‘thermomemory’ that enables plants to withstand a later-and possibly more extreme-HS attack. Recent years, brassinosteroids (BRs) have been implicated in HS response whereas little is known about whether BRs signal transduction modulates thermomemory. Here, we uncover the positive role of BRs signaling in thermomemory of Arabidopsis thaliana. Heat priming induces de novo synthesis and nuclear accumulation of BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR (BES1), the key regulator of BRs signaling. BRs promote the accumulation of dephosphorylated BES1 during memory phase, blocking BRs synthesis impairs dephosphorylation. During HS memory, BES1 is required to maintain sustained induction of HS memory genes and directly targets APX2 and HSFA3 for activation. In summary, our results reveal a BES1-required, BRs-enhanced transcriptional control module of thermomemory in Arabidopsis thaliana.

We report a rare case of multiple giant coronary artery aneurysms combined with anomalous aortic origin of left coronary artery in a 30-years old man precisely diagnosed by multimodality imaging, including echocardiography, coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and selective coronary angiography. The imaging results were finally confirmed by surgery. We present the clinical value of multimodality imaging in diagnosing coronary artery aneurysm and anomalous origin.

The process of fatigue spalling in the rings of ball bearings at durability exceeding 10 8 cycles under in-service loading conditions is analyzed on the basis of fractography and the slices prepared in radial planes of rings. The cracks are shown to originate at subsurface from carbides inherent in the bearing steel or inclusions permissible by sizes for the material. Subsequently, the development of cracks perpendicular to the ring raceway surface takes place similarly as in the VHCF regime with the elliptical “fish-eye” formation. The subsequent crack growth was demonstrated step-by-step up to the ring material fragment separation. The total crack path by alternating stops of propagation and new crack nucleation under conditions of mixed-mode I+II+III mechanisms with the crack branching was discussed. In the final stage, the crack grows towards the ring raceway and either appears on the raceway surface or coalesce with a similar adjacent crack followed by fatigue spalling formation.

This paper contains the in-service fatigue fracture analysis for the first stage low-pressure compressor disk of the aircraft engines D30KU-154. Based on the results of the fractographic investigation on collapsed compressor disks the fatigue crack initiation and propagation mechanisms were established. It is shown that the crack initiation in the rim part of the compressor disk is due to a high frequency loading that leads to very high cycle fatigue fracture. The total fatigue life of the compressor disk is determined by simultaneous action of low amplitude loading due to blades vibration, and high amplitude loading due to flight cycle (centrifugal forces). To study the in-service fracture of the compressor disk the numerical simulation of the stress state in the damaged zone under corresponding loading conditions was evaluated. The estimation of fatigue life and crack path predictions were performed based on the multi-regime fatigue fracture model proposed by the authors.

Astroblastoma is a rare central nervous system tumor. We reported a case of a 24-years-old Nepalese woman with radiological features mimicking pilocytic astrocytoma which came out to be low grade astroblastoma in histopathological and immunohistochemistry examination after total excision of the tumor.

Aims Although minor climatic forest refuges were important as key areas for the long-term persistence of species and genetic diversity, and can again function as refuges during present and future climatic changes, they have received little attention in sub-Saharan Africa. The objectives in this paper were to assess the Togolese montane riparian forests as minor sub-Saharan forest refugia, examine the contribution of minor sub-Saharan forest refugia to the larger forest refugia using the Togolese montane riparian forests as a model, and discuss the implication of these results for biogeography and forest biodiversity conservation in sub-Saharan tropical Africa based on the floristic approach. Location Southwest Togo, West Africa, sub-Saharan Upper Guinea Region Methods Floristic data were collected across Togolese mountain riparian forests through an intensive botanical inventory using the survey approach (n=198; 50×10 m2). A comparative analysis was performed on the basis of floristic criteria and attributes related to climatic forest refuges. Results According to floristic attributes, the riparian forests of the subhumid Togolese mountains were important minor refuges for rainforests during Pleistocene warming. They share about 60% of their current species richness (868 species) with the large sub-Saharan forest refuges. Main conclusions The floristic data were similar to that of previous studies focusing on the forest refugia around the DG and elsewhere worldwide. However, they seem to be incompatible with the ideas that the DG forest flora may be essentially a relic of the early Holocene, when the geographical distribution of the Guinean-Congolian forest was maximum. Efforts to maintain maximum species diversity in sub-Saharan Africa should therefore pay particular attention to the conservation of minor forest refugia. This study asks important questions about the patterns of disjunction, which should be focused on in further studies. Keywords Tropical biodiversity, Forest refuges, Floristic approach, Dahomey Gap (DG), Togolese Mountain, Vegetation

“Letter to the Editor: Emergency surgical treatment of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection”Dr Muhammad SohaibaaDepartment of Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, PakistanDr Arsalan NadeemabDepartment of Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan

As growth of the elderly population continues to increase alongside improvements in percutaneous and minimally invasive interventions, cardiac surgeons question the role of high-risk surgery in treating these patients. TAVR has transformed the management of symptomatic severe aortic stenosis in elderly patients, and has become standard therapy for patients greater than 80 years of age. With improvements in procedural risks and technical complications for both transcatheter valves and percutaneous interventions, should we rethink the operative strategies for octogenarians and nonagenarians, particularly as they apply to concurrent high-risk operations?

The incidence of stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is around 1.3% in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database but carries a mortality of almost 20% (1,2). The stroke rate is even higher with aortic valve replacements with the Determining Neurologic Outcomes from Valve Operations (DeNOVO) study reporting stroke rates as high as 17% (3). It is also likely that variations in definition of stroke leads to underreporting of this event. There is thus, no denying that stroke remains the Achilles heel of cardiac surgery and efforts must be made to mitigate its occurrence.

TITLE PAGETOPIC : “Letter to the Editor: Surgical Treatment of Primary Cardiac Tumors in the Contemporary era: A single-centre Analysis.”ARTICLE TYPE : LETTER TO THE EDITORCORRESPONDANCE :1. Name : Taha NadeemInstitute : ALLAMA IQBAL MEDICAL COLLEGE,LAHORE,PAKISTANContact : +923107033138 E-mail : [email protected] : House# 451, Jinnah Colony, Faisalabad,PakistanCO-AUTHORS: 2. Name : Fatima TanveerInstitute : ALLAMA IQBAL MEDICAL COLLEGE, LAHORE, PAKISTAN.Contact : +923468789469 E-mail : [email protected] : House#101,Street 10,Block C, Canal Town, Gujranwala ,Pakistan.3. Mahima KhatriContact: +923472651872 Email: [email protected]: Dow University of Health Sciences, KarachiAddress: bridge view apartment, frere town, clifton block 8 karachi, 75600Word count: 442Conflict of interest: NoneDeclaration: NoneAcknowledgment: None