Mini Commentary on BJOG-23-1596.R1: Pregnancy and Birth Complications and Maternal Mental Health – The case is clearNicole Votruba - [email protected] of OxfordNuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive HealthWomen’s Centre (Level 3)John Radcliffe HospitalOX3 9DU Oxford15 October 2024 Pregnancy and birth complications and long-term maternal mental health outcomes are clearly interlinked. Although commonly known, little research has been conducted to investigate these associations. Bodunde and colleagues have recently provided robust evidence that complications during pregnancy and birth increase the risks for long-term depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)(1).Birth complications are frequent, affecting up to 40% of pregnant women, and can continue to be burdensome for mothers and children beyond birth. Whilst there is a well-established body of evidence about the effect of these complications on mental health in the immediate postpartum period, particularly the first six months, much less is known about the impact these complications have longer term, during the first year after birth and beyond.(1)The authors have carried out the first, comprehensive meta-analysis estimating rates of long-term maternal mental health outcomes for women following pregnancy and birth complications. They performed a rigorous, substantial systematic review and meta-analysis, consolidating 33 studies with almost 4 million participants. The authors found significant associations between pregnancy terminations, miscarriage and preterm birth, with maternal depression and anxiety, and preterm birth (but not caesarean section) being significantly associated with PTSD.What do their findings tell us beyond the clear link of pregnancy complications and adverse maternal mental health outcomes? Firstly, that in spite of a relatively large number of studies and participants, there is an evident lack of high-quality studies on the associations of pregnancy complications and long-term mental health outcomes. Depression and anxiety were the most reported associations across all studies, and the authors note the absence of studies on other mental disorders than anxiety, depression and PTSD, which made further meta-analyses impossible.Secondly, with the total of 33 studies being from 15 countries, the findings confirm the striking lack of research from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): Only four of the identified studies are from Asia, one from South America, and none from Africa. Whilst the extent of maternal morbidity is hard to estimate, looking at the burden of maternal mortality points at an excessive gap: nearly 95% of maternal deaths occurred in LMICs in 2020,(2), with the mental health related impact being largely hidden due to a lack of data.Thirdly, and perhaps most strikingly, we are missing the extent of maternal suicide as an adverse mental health outcome. The authors’ primary review outcomes were common and severe maternal mental disorders, and regrettably suicidality has been omitted as a primary mental health outcome. Maternal suicide is the leading cause of direct death in the postnatal period.(3) In high income countries 5-20% of maternal deaths are from suicide,(4) however stigma and challenges in unified approaches to reporting and measurement obscure the picture, with a lack of evidence beyond the immediate post-partum period, and particularly from LMICs.(5). Given the high burden, there is an urgent need to understand these links as substantial long-term adverse maternal mental health outcomes of adverse pregnancy outcomes.Beyond the post-partum impact, evidence on the long-term mental health outcomes in relation to adverse pregnancy outcomes is limited. What Bodunde and colleagues have added is clear and highly needed evidence for the direct associations of adverse pregnancy outcomes and long-term mental health conditions. What is now required is more robust evidence on prevalence and associations of these conditions and their long-term effects, particularly studies from LMICs, and including maternal suicide. Research examining more effective intervention is critical: studies should explore and test what interventions are acceptable, effective and scalable in different settings and communities, to support women who experience adverse pregnancy outcomes in their mental health, and prevent long term mental ill health particularly in populations with the greatest burden of disease.Disclosure of Interests: n.a.Funding: NV is funded by the Medical Research Council (Grant MR/Y503319/1), the Oxford MSD Improving Equitable Access to Healthcare grant, and partially supported by the UK Medical Research Council (UKRI) for the Indigo Partnership (MR/R023697/1) award1. Bodunde EO, Buckley D, O’Neill E, Al Khalaf S, Maher GM, O’Connor K, et al. Pregnancy and birth complications and long-term maternal mental health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.n/a(n/a).2. World Health Organization. Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2020: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and UNDESA/Population Division: World Health Organization; 2023.3. Knight M, Bunch K, Tuffnell D, R P, Shakespeare J, Kotnis R, et al. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care-Lessons learned to inform maternity care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2017-19. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford 2021.4. Howard LM, Khalifeh H. Perinatal mental health: a review of progress and challenges. World Psychiatry. 2020;19(3):313-27.5. Simmons E, Gong J, Daskalopoulou Z, Quigley MA, Alderdice F, Harrison S, et al. Global contribution of suicide to maternal mortality: a systematic review protocol. 2024;14(9):e087669.

Title: BJOG -24-0687.R1 Postpartum haemorrhage care in Ghana and Uganda: grounds for hope and concern.

TITLE Letter to the editor BJOG “Necessity the mother of invention”- wider significance of novel mid-urethral rectus fascial sling.1 Professor PEP Petros DSc DS (UWA) PhD (Uppsala) MB BS MD (Syd) FRCOG (Lond) FRANZCOG CU.31/93 Elizabeth Bay Rd Elizabeth Bay NSW 2011 AUSTRALIAPelvic Floor Surgeon (retired)1Single and corresponding author.1Affiliation None. Retired pelvic surgeonEmail [email protected]+61 411 181 731

A document by Hala Eldamanhoury. Click on the document to view its contents.

Response to: “Advocating for Change: Lifting Mesh Suspension in SUI Surgery Based on Established Literature and Long-Term TVT Study Results”Corresponding author: Berit Rein Solhaug (Gynecologist, PhD student) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Trondheim, Norway [email protected] Svenningsen (Gynecologist, Professor II) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oslo University Hospital,Oslo, NorwayInstitute of Clinical Medicine, University of [email protected]   Maria Oyasaeter Nyhus (Gynecologist, PhD) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Trondheim, Norway [email protected]   Ingrid Volloyhaug (Gynecologist, Professor II) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Trondheim, Norway [email protected]

ERAS in gynecologic surgery: insights and future directionsAuthors: Jiayu Yan, Bilan Li, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, [email protected] study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.82372925 to LBL,No.82172714 to LBL, No. 81602281 to LBL), Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (No.22Y11906300 and No.20ZR1443900 to LBL), Clinical Research Plan of SHDC (No. SHDC2020CR4086).

Objective To identify phenotypes of pain in patients with endometriosis and to investigate their associations with predictors and quality of life (QoL). Design Population-based study. Setting A referral university center in Quebec City, Canada. Population or Sample A total of 352 patients aged 18‒50 years and diagnosed with endometriosis. Methods Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify pain phenotypes. To assess the associations, the three-step approach of LCA was applied. Main Outcome Measures Pain phenotypes, predictors of pain phenotypes, QoL. Results A total of 352 patients were included in the analyses. The diagnosis of endometriosis was either based on histology (N=135), imaging (N=106) or clinical presentation (N=111). The optimal model identified two distinct and homogeneous phenotypes of patients with endometriosis. The two groups had distinct clinical presentations, one with more severe and frequent pain symptoms and poorer quality of life (54%); the other with mild and less frequent pain symptoms (46%). Predictors of a high pain phenotype were a previous treatment failure, use of pain killers, a family history of endometriosis, a low annual family income, and pain comorbidities such as painful bladder, fibromyalgia, migraines, low back pain, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, and depression or mood disorders. The presence of endometrioma was predictive of the low pain phenotype. Phenotype membership was associated with distinct quality of life profiles (p<0.001). Conclusion Patients with endometriosis and pelvic pain can be grouped into two distinct and homogeneous phenotypes. Phenotypes membership correlates with quality of life and can be predicted with the patients’ characteristics. These findings will need to be validated in other populations and may inform the development of more specialized or personalized interventions based on the pain phenotypes.

Objective: Child marriage forces a girl into adult roles before physical and psychological maturity, which can take a toll on women’s health over the life course. This paper aims to assess whether child marriage and adolescent childbearing are associated with elevated risk of gynecologic disorders leading to hysterectomy. Design: Cross-sectional and survival analysis. Setting: India, nationally representative survey. Population: 528,816 ever married women, aged 20-49 years. Methods: Women were grouped in four mutually exclusive categories – i) married adult – not an adolescent mother (reference category), ii) married adult – adolescent mother, iii) married child – not an adolescent mother, and iv) married child – adolescent mother. Multivariable logistic regressions were fitted to assess the odds of hysterectomy for these groups. Non-parametric Kaplan-Meier survivor functions were estimated to evaluate survival rates across the groups. Main outcome measures: Whether had a hysterectomy and age when hysterectomy was performed. Results: Compared to women married as adult – not an adolescent mother, women married in childhood and who gave birth in adolescence were 1.87 (95% CI: 1.78–1.96) times more likely to have a hysterectomy and had the lowest survival rate for hysterectomy. Women married as children but not an adolescent mother also had higher odds of hysterectomy (AOR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.31–1.50). These results were robust across sub-groups including geographic regions, urban/rural residence, education, and income. Conclusions: Our results, showing a strong relationship between child marriage and hysterectomy, contribute to the literature on later-life health consequences of child marriage and call for strengthening efforts to eradicate child marriage.

Objective To evaluate costs and cost-effectiveness to the healthcare system, and costs to families, of a national prenatal exome sequencing (pES) service additional to standard testing, compared to standard testing alone. Design A cost-effectiveness analysis combining costs, outcomes, parent and professional interview and professional survey data. Setting The English National Health Service (NHS) Genomic Medicine Service. Sample 413 cases referred for pES testing from 01/10/2021 to 30/06/2022. Methods We costed the incremental resource required to deliver the pES clinical pathway, synthesising this with unit costs and outcomes data on additional cases diagnosed to analyse cost-effectiveness. We estimated the annual NHS budget requirement based on case numbers. We determined parental costs from interviews. Main Outcome Measures Incremental costs of pES to the NHS and families, incremental cost per additional diagnosis, NHS budget impact. Results Of 413 referred cases, 241 were tested, at a cost of £2,331 (95% credibility interval £1,894-£2,856) per referred case, or £3,592 (£2,959-£4,250) per case that proceeded with testing. The incremental cost per diagnosis (yield 35.3%) was £11,326 (£8,582-£15,361). At current demand levels pES costs the NHS approximately £1.7m annually. Family costs could not be separated from other pregnancy related appointments but were not considered burdensome as most appointments were concurrent or remote. Conclusions pES is more expensive than predecessor prenatal genetic testing technologies, has a higher diagnostic yield and informs pregnancy management and decision making. Further research into potential savings from the foregone diagnostic odyssey resulting from pES may be informative.

Delivering in or out of water, the OASI rates in the POOL cohort study are disturbingly highDear Dr Papageorghiou,We have read with interest the POOL study report by Sanders et al. published in your journal.1 We acknowledge that the results of this study are based on a large obstetric cohort of low-risk women.The mere conclusion of the authors is that birth in water is not associated with increased risks for mothers and babies. However, in doing so, they seem to have overlooked an important issue related to the event rate in their comparator group. Indeed, the reported obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) rates of 5.0% in nulliparous and 1.3% in multiparous women are remarkably, if not unacceptably high. Particularly, given the risk for serious, often untreatable complications strongly associated with such injury.The reported event rates in the pool study are an outlier when compared to the 1.6% reported in other studies.3 The reported rates in the POOL study are comparable to those reported by Gurol-Urganci et al.4 Nonetheless, 20% of the women in the Gurol-Urganci et al study had operative vaginal births, a strong risk factor for OASI. In contrast, the POOL study cohort were all low-risk spontaneous births.The POOL study describes women delivering in and out of water, but the authors do not comment if manual perineal protection was used or not in either of the groups. Applying interventions, like manual perineal protection at the time of water birth may be challenging and does not tend to be attempted in some healthcare settings.Manual perineal protection was earlier associated with a significant reduction in OASI risk in Norway and Denmark and the UK. Fodstad et al. describe that the OASI prevalence in Norway in all vaginal deliveries has reduced from 4.2% in 2004 to 1.6% in 2023, after introduction of a national program with manual perineal protection.3Gurol-Urganci et al. have also demonstrated a significant reduction OASI rates in a healthcare setting comparable to that of Saunders et al. Moreover, the RCOG and, more recently, the published report from the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Birth Trauma have recommended the roll out and implementation, underpinned by sufficient training, of the OASI care bundle to all hospital trusts to reduce risk of perineal injuries in childbirth.4 Hence, it would have been expected that a UK based study using perineal trauma as its primary outcome would address and discuss what interventions were undertaken to mitigate the risk of trauma.We believe that there is a high risk that the exceptionally high OASI rate in the comparator arm has introduced bias in this non-inferiority RCT. Sanders et al conclude that their “Study findings provide reassurance that birth in water, in the context of UK midwifery practice, is not associated with increased risks for mothers or their babies. However, given the 2015 Supreme Court Montgomery ruling stating that “clinicians should disclose risks of childbirth” one should question, why the risk of childbirth in the POOL study was so unacceptably high and still remained undiscussed?Jan Willem de Leeuw, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ikazia Ziekenhuis Rotterdam, the NetherlandsKatariina Laine, Norwegian Research Centre for Women’s Health, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayMargareta Manresa, Clinic Institute of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, SpainSari Raisanen, Laurea University of Applied Sciences, Vantaa, FinlandVladimir Kalis, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Center for Pelvic-floor Disorders, Pilsen, CzechiaZdenĕk Rušavý, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles UniversityRenaud de Tayrac, Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Nimes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nimes, France

Obstetric anal sphincter injuries during instrumental vaginal deliveryPrathamesh Lanjewar1, Avir Sarkar11 – Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Noida International Institute of Medical Sciences, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaCorresponding author: Avir SarkarE mail: [email protected]: 6280765384Type of article: Letter to the EditorShort Title: Obstetric anal sphincter injuryInstitutional Ethics Committee Approval: Not requiredFinancial disclosure: No financial support has been obtained for this articleConflict of interest between authors: None declared

Evaluating Waterbirth Risks: A Deep Dive into the POOL Cohort Study’s Research GapsWei-Zhen Tang a, Tai-Hang Liu a,**, Xia Lan a,*

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and experience of symptom flares in women with Chronic Pelvic Pain (CPP) as well as their triggers Design: Cross-sectional questionnaire within the Translational Research in Pelvic Pain clinical cohort study. Setting: Women with CPP, with subgroups of women with endometriosis (EAP), interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (BPS), comorbid endometriosis and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (EABP), and those with pelvic pain without endometriosis or interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (PP). Population or sample: 100 participants across subgroups. Methods: Questionnaire within large cohort study. Main Outcome Measures: The prevalence and characteristics of short, medium and long symptom flares in CPP. Results: 76% of women with CPP experience symptom flares of at least one length (short, medium and/or long). Flares are associated with painful and non-painful symptoms. There is large variation amongst those with CPP for the frequency, duration, symptoms and triggers for these flares. Participants reported flares as stopping them from doing things they would usually do, participants thinking about symptoms of flares as well as flares being bothersome. Conclusions: Flares are prevalent and clinically very important in the context of CPP. More research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms and characteristics underlying flares. Clinical practice should include an enquiry of flares with the aim of finding strategies to lessen their burden. Funding: This project has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 777500. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and EFPIA Companies.

Title: Insights on Stillbirths in Africa using the Robson Classification System: Mini CommentaryAdeline A. BoatinDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical School, Boston, USAContact:55 Fruit Street,Dept OB/GYNMassachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA 02114Email: [email protected]: +1 617 726 1320Shortened Running title: Insights from Robson Classification on StillbirthDisclosures: I have no relevant disclosuresContribution to Authorship: AAB conceived, wrote, and edited this manuscript.Globally, stillbirths remain a largely neglected health crisis, with up to 2 million stillbirths annually and minimal progress in reduction.1 Despite several global initiatives targeting perinatal mortality, such as the Every Newborn Action Plan (ENAP) launched in 2014, efforts to decrease stillbirth rates have seen only a modest 2.3% decline over the last 20 years.1This underscores the urgent need for novel approaches to understand and addresse this global challenge.1,2Compounding this issue is a substantial lack of comprehensive data on the trends, timing and causes of stillbirths.1 Many classification systems for categorizing stillbirths have been developed to address this data gap.3 To be useful, classification systems should ideally use routinely collected data that does not require substantial input to collect, and that is already readily available. However, most stillbirth classification systems have failed to meet the criteria that allow widespread adoption, particularly in resource-constrained environments where stillbirth rates are the highest.4In this issue of the journal, Hanson et al use the Robson 10-group Classification system to explore stillbirth trends in four countries – Benin, Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda – using data on over 80,000 births and just over 3000 stillbirths collected from 16 hospitals. Their use of the Robson Classification System across these four countries and hospitals of varying levels of care demonstrates the benefits of the chosen classification system: wide applicability across various settings, objective and easily standardizable classifications, and easy comparability across time and place.5 Although not used in this exploration, this classification system also benefits from being versatile in that it can be applied to understand not only stillbirths, but also cesarean delivery or other intrapartum outcomes of interest, thus gaining an efficiency with data collection.The findings from Hanson et al highlight leading contributors to stillbirth among the studied countries – group 10 (preterm births), group 3 (multipara in spontaneous labor) and births complicated by malpresentation and multiple gestations. While high rates of intrapartum stillbirths among preterm deliveries demand attention, they are not surprising. More surprising and warranting further investigation are the high rates of stillbirth seen in Group 3, which, under normal circumstances, should be at the lowest risk for mortality.Importantly, as pointed out by the authors, analysis using the Robson classification system serves as a starting point to pinpoint areas for focused investigation and quality improvement, while also offering valuable insights for each hospital on performance, guidance on where to concentrate efforts, and potentially where to seek lessons from “good performers.”Globally, we have far to go to combat high rates of stillbirths. Using versatile and standardized approaches, as done by Hanson et al offers the opportunity to facilitate targeted investigations and to promote cross-country learning and continuous improvement for maternal and perinatal care.References1 United Nations Children’s Fund. Never forgotten: The situation of stillbirth around the globe. Report of the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, 2022. New York, 2023 https://data.unicef.org/resources/never-forgotten-stillbirth-estimates-report/.2 World Health Organization. Every newborn: an action plan to end preventable deaths. 2014.3 Leisher SH, Teoh Z, Reinebrant H, et al. Seeking order amidst chaos: a systematic review of classification systems for causes of stillbirth and neonatal death, 2009–2014.BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2016; 16 : 1–17.4 Mukherjee A, Di Stefano L, Blencowe H, Mee P. Determinants of stillbirths in sub‐Saharan Africa: A systematic review. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2024; 131 : 140–50.5 Robson MS. The 10-Group Classification System-a new way of thinking.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2018; 219 : 1–4.

A document by Katherine Whitehouse. Click on the document to view its contents.

Objective: To understand the experiences of women, birth partners and health professionals of verbal followed by retrospective written consent in a prospective cohort study of a device to manage post-partum haemorrhage (PPH). Design: Grounded Theory. Setting: Tertiary facility in the North-West of England, UK. Sample: We used purposive and theoretical sampling to recruit 51 participants; 12 women, 12 birth partners, 16 obstetricians and 11 midwives. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted, using a topic guide for focus, until data saturation was achieved. Data were analysed using framework analysis technique. Results: Most women wanted sufficient information to make a decision at the time of the event, rather than in advance, and preferred not to be overwhelmed with detail. A key factor in making the decision to participate was a positive and trusting relationship with the attending obstetrician. Obtaining consent for research in emergencies was viewed by obstetricians as requiring a different approach and more challenging than consent for standard procedures in an emergency. Conclusions: This is the first study to explore verbal followed by retrospective written consent processes with women, clinicians and observers. This was acceptable to all, however information needs to be appropriate, and consenters require adequate training. (197/200)

Objective: We examined the cost-effectiveness of conservative management (CM) compared to planned cesarean hysterectomy (CH) for placenta accreta spectrum (PAS). Design: A cost-effectiveness analysis in a theoretical cohort of patients. Setting : A decision analytic model. Population : A theoretical cohort of 1000 pregnant patients with PAS greater than 20 weeks gestation. Methods : In base case analysis, we assumed that between 20-40% of individuals would be eligible for CM. Model inputs were derived from the literature. Analysis was conducted from a healthcare system perspective with a one year analytic horizon. Outcomes included hysterectomy, surgical site infection (SSI), length of hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and death. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $50,000 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) defined cost-effectiveness. Sensitivity analyses were performed. Main outcome measures: The cost gained per life year and per QALY. Results: For base-case estimates, CM was the cost-saving strategy with an ICER of $9330.51 USD. Compared to CH, CM resulted in 905 fewer hysterectomies, 80 fewer instances of SSI, and 5 fewer deaths. CM resulted in 149 more admissions with length of stay >5 days and 25 more ICU admissions . In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, CM was the cost-effective strategy in 71% of runs and the dominant strategy in 42% of runs. Conclusion: CM was the cost-effective strategy for management of PAS in greater than 70% of iterations of our model. Modeling demonstrated significant uncertainty in the comparative effectiveness of the two strategies, highlighting the need for prospective research evaluating the effectiveness of CM.

Globally, obstetric fistula is a tragic outcome following obstructed labor. Failure of complex repairs and post-operative incontinence are common. We describe an innovative surgical technique incorporating the rectus abdominis muscle flap at the time of fistula repair. We report outcomes from six patients at the Fistula Care Center in Lilongwe, Malawi in October 2023. At three months following discharge, five patients (80.0%) were continent; one patient was unable to follow-up but was continent at a one-month phone follow-up. There were no major complications. The rectus abdominis muscle flap may be considered in challenging obstetric fistula repairs.