Co-Infection with Chikungunya and Malaria: A Case ReportEmmanuel Edwar Siddig 1, Alaa Tajeldeen Habeeb Abdallah2, Yousif Ali3, Claude Mambo Muvunyi 4, Nouh Mohamed 5, Ayman Ahmed 4,5,61 Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.2 Rufa’a Teaching Hospital3 Sudan Field Epidemiology Training Program, Health Emergencies and Epidemics Control General Directorate, Sudan Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum 11111, Sudan4 Rwanda Biomedical Center (RBC), Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda5 Pan-Africa One Health Institute (PAOHI), Kigali 11KG ST203, Rwanda6 Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan.Correspondence: Ayman Ahmed; Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.Tel: +249123997091Email: [email protected]: 0000-0002-9516-9508.

Background Yellow fever (YF) is a zoonotic arboviral disease that is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. It mainly infect both, human and non-human primates including the endangered mountain gorillas. Despite that Yellow fever is a vaccine preventable disease, according to the World Health Organization, it is still endemic in 47 countries; 72% of those countries are in Africa and 28% in Central and South America. Methodology We deployed several transdisciplinary research methods for the implementation of this risk assessment and situation analysis as well as developing national preparedness, prevention, and response strategy for YF in Rwanda. These methods included epidemiological and entomological surveys, health system analysis, and stakeholders and expert consultations. This was supported with in-depth desk and literature review analysis. Results We have identified high risk of Yellow fever emergence and outbreaks in Rwanda. The main underpinning sources of this risk are including the confirmed presence of the main vector of the disease; Aedes aegypti. More importantly, the lack of vector surveillance for Aedes mosquitoes, surveillance for the disease among human or animals at risk in the country despite the ongoing transmission in the region including countries with open-borders and free movements with Rwanda. Additional important sources of risk include limited vaccination coverage and requirement for travelers to and from endemic countries. Accordingly, we have developed a preparedness, prevention, and response (PPR) framework for Yellow fever in Rwanda. Conclusion In addition to strengthen the implementation of the developed preparedness, prevention, and control measures, the One Health authority should invest in the establishment and operation of integrated surveillance and response system that comprehensively monitors the indicators of humans, animals, and environmental health. Additional support should be given to operational research to generate evidence that informs policymaking, and guide the strategic planning and implementation of cost-effective interventions.

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not-yet-known not-yet-known not-yet-known unknown A Case of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in an HIV/AIDS Patient from Sudan Emmanuel Edwar Siddig1, Alaa Tajeldeen Habeeb2, Claude Mambo Muvunyi3 , Ayman Ahmed3,4,5 1 Faculty of Medical Laboratory sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan 2 Rufa’a Teaching Hospital, Aljazeira state, Sudan 3 Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda. 4 Institute of Endemic diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan 5 Pan-Africa One Health Institute (PAOHI), Kigali 11KG ST203, Rwanda

A case report of venous ulcer mimicking cutaneous leishmaniasisAlaa Tajeldeen Habeeb Abdallah1, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig2*, Jean Claude Semuto Ngabonziza3,4, Claude Mambo Muvunyi5, Ayman Ahmed5,61 Rufa’a Teaching Hospital2 Faculty of Medical Laboratory sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan3 Department of Clinical Biology, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3900, Rwanda4 Research, Innovation and Data Science Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda5 Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda6 Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan

COVID-19 Related Pneumonia with Concurrent Dengue Fever in a Middle-Aged Patient a case reportEmmanuel Edwar Siddig1, Jean Claude Semuto Ngabonziza2,3, Claude Mambo Muvunyi4, Ayman Ahmed 4,51 Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.2 Department of Clinical Biology, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3900, Rwanda3 Research, Innovation and Data Science Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda4 Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Kigali, Rwanda.5 Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan.Correspondence: Ayman Ahmed, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, SudanEmail: [email protected]