Background and Aims: The primary healthcare (PHC) system is a comprehensive, equitable, and efficient approach to supporting health and social well-being by offering prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation services close to living environments. The PHC system in Iraq is currently facing issues that limit its effectiveness and efficiency. This research aims to discover strategies to enhance the PHC system in Iraq. Methods: We conducted a systematic search for articles on initiatives aimed at enhancing the PHC system, covering the period from 1980 to June 2024, using eight databases and Google Scholar. We included articles that met the criteria and analyzed them using the framework analysis approach with RevMan 5.3 software. Results: A total of 18,705 articles were extracted. After removing duplicates and items without full text, 15,971 studies remained for title and abstract review, of which 14,175 were removed. Finally, 18 research articles related to PHC strengthening were used. Data collection methods included checking databases (12 studies), interviews (6 studies), focus groups (3 studies), questionnaires, and archival data (15 studies). The majority of research (44.45%) was conducted in Baghdad. Conclusion: In the context of Society 5.0, smart technology’s practical applications in healthcare aim to enhance decision-making, patient care, and service delivery. Smart technologies can help nurses make clinical decisions in complex care situations and streamline procedures like paperwork. When rebuilding and strengthening the PHC system, addressing the historical, social, cultural, and economic variables is important.

Introduction. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in Kyrgyzstan. The study aimed at exploring the CVD prevalence depending on various risk factors across diverse ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan Materials and Methods.A cross-sectional study was carried out among six ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan, aged 18 years and above. The sample was stratified for age, education, family status, and income. We used a questionnaire with 47 questions to explore the health status, behaviour and lifestyle determinants and prevalence of CVD. We used Chi-Square Test to investigate differences between groups, and ANCOVA to determine differences between mean scores on analysed variable. Logistic regression was used to analyse the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Confounding variables were only included if they correlated with both the independent and dependent variables. Interaction analyses were conducted with logistic regression to investigate if there were any differences between the nationalities in the relationships between the independent and dependent variables. Results. Our study confirmed that the CVD prevalence across diverse ethnic groups can be significantly different: In Kyrgyzstan, the most disadvantaged group in this context were East European and the least – Western Asian. There was no difference between studied groups found in the ethnicity-stratified prevalence of such CVD risk factors as low fruit and vegetable consumption, alcohol intake, smoking, and BMI. There was no statistically significant association between educational attainment and CVD risk markers within the studied ethnic groups. The analysis of ethnicity-stratified prevalence of CVD risk markers resulted in a significant difference in physical activity across ethnicity groups. Conclusion. The study results provided an understanding of the ethnicity-stratified prevalence of CVD risk markers in the population in Kyrgyzstan. They could serve as instrumental in tailoring targeted public health interventions to address the burden of CVDs in specific subpopulations.