Abstract: The prevalence of nosocomial infections is escalating due to the rise of antimicrobial-resistant ESKAPE pathogens, including Enterococcus species. This review explores the molecular intricacies governing biofilm formation in Enterococcus, shedding light on its persistent nature and implications for treatment. The study delves into genetic determinants, efflux pumps, and metabolic adaptations driving antibiotic resistance and biofilm resilience. Challenges in current therapeutic approaches are highlighted, emphasizing the need for precision medicine tailored to Enterococcus strains. The review presents emerging therapeutic strategies, including bacteriophage therapy and engineered nanoparticles. Recent advancements and experimental treatments, such as quorum sensing manipulation and omics integration, offer promising avenues for targeted interventions. In conclusion, this comprehensive review contributes valuable insights for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers in the ongoing battle against antimicrobial resistance. Keywords: ESKAPE; Pathogens; Enterococcus; Biofilm; Antimicrobial resistance

Abstract Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a prevalent vasculitis primarily affecting larger vessels, notably in individuals aged 70–79. Cerebrovascular ischemic events (CIE), such as stroke and transient ischemic attacks, are significant GCA complications, with a pooled prevalence of 4%. CIEs are rare but debilitating complications of GCA. This research article is a narrative review that aims to highlight the risk factors and pharmacological interventions that impact GCA-related CIE. This narrative review suggests that age, male gender, hypertension, and smoking were significantly associated with GCA-related CIE, while risk factors such as having anemia, a higher body mass index (BMI), relatively higher inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) had protective effects against GCA-related CIE. Symptoms of ischemia of the ophthalmic artery were also found to be the strongest predictors of CIE. Pharmacological interventions such as glucocorticoids and tocilizumab can help manage and prevent CIE in GCA patients. Aspirin and antiplatelet therapy may also be useful as adjunctive therapies. A detailed and appropriate study design for various risk factors is required to establish the association. Identifying risk factors is imperative for managing morbidity and mortality. This can help physicians assess the risk and prevent CIE in GCA patients.