Effects of balanced motions and unbalanced internal waves on steric
height in the mid-latitude ocean
Abstract
The baroclinic component of the sea surface height, referred to as
steric height, is governed by geostrophically balanced motions and
unbalanced internal waves, and thus is an essential indicator of ocean
interior dynamics. Using yearlong measurements from a mooring array, we
assess the distribution of upper-ocean steric height across frequencies
and spatial scales of O(1-20 km) in the northeast Atlantic. Temporal
decomposition indicates that the two largest contributors to steric
height variance are large-scale atmospheric forcing (32.8%) and
mesoscale eddies (34.1%), followed by submesoscale motions (15.2%),
semidiurnal internal tides (8%), super-tidal variability (6.1%) and
near-inertial motions (3.8%). Structure function diagnostics further
reveal the seasonality and scale dependence of steric height variance.
In winter, steric height is dominated by balanced motions across all
resolved scales, whereas in summer, unbalanced internal waves become the
leading-order contributor to steric height at scales of a few
kilometers.