The properties of the first kilometers of the Martian atmospheric Planetary Boundary Layer have until now been measured by only a few instruments and probes. InSight offers an opportunity to investigate this region through seismoacoustics. On six occasions, its seismometers recorded short low-frequency waveforms, with clear dispersion between 0.4 and 4Hz. These signals are the air-to-ground coupling of impact-generated infrasound, which propagated in an low-altitude atmospheric waveguide. Their group velocity depends on the structure of effective sound speed in the boundary layer. Here, we conduct a Bayesian inversion of effective sound speed up to 2000m altitude using the group velocity measured for events S0981c, S0986c and S1034a. The inverted effective sound speed profiles are in good agreement with estimates provided by the Mars Climate Database. Differences between inverted and modeled profiles can be attributed to a local wind variation in the impact → station direction, of amplitude smaller than 2m/s.

The mixing of ocean waters on continental shelves, which is mainly driven by waves, tides, and currents, plays a key role in the physics, biogeochemistry, and ecology of coastal regions. This study focuses on four months of continuous data recorded along a telecommunication cable offshore Oregon, USA, with Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS). We apply a cross-correlation approach to the continuous DAS data to infer the propagation of ocean surface gravity waves in the 3 to 100 s period range and estimate near-surface ocean flows. We observe strong spatio-temporal variations of ocean flows along the cable over four months, with strong impacts from a series of storms in late October 2021. We find that our measurements capture oceanic surface motions as those measured by nearby traditional oceanographic instruments. This study demonstrates that ocean-bottom DAS can be used to infer the dynamic properties of near-shore oceans with an unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution.

We monitored the time history of the velocity change (dv/v) from 2002 to 2022 to investigate temporal changes in the physical state near the Parkfield Region of the San Andreas Fault throughout the interseismic period. Following the coseismic decrease in dv/v caused due to the 2003 San Simeon and the 2004 Parkfield earthquakes, the dv/v heals logarithmically and shows a net long-term increase in which the current dv/v level is equivalent to, or exceeding, the value before the 2003 San Simeon earthquake. We investigated this long-term trend by fitting the model accounting for the environmental and coseismic effects to the channel-weighted dv/v time series. We confirmed with the metrics of AIC and BIC that the additional term of either a linear trend term, or a residual healing term for the case where the healing had not been completed before the San Simeon earthquake occurred, robustly improved the fit to the data. We eventually evaluated the sensitivity of the dv/v time history to the GNSS-derived strain field around the fault. The cumulative dilatational strain spatially averaged around the seismic stations shows a slight extension, which is opposite to what would be expected for an increase in dv/v. However, the cumulative rotated axial strain shows compression in a range near the maximum contractional horizontal strain (azimuth of N35°W to N45°E), suggesting that the closing of pre-existing microcracks aligned perpendicular to the axial contractional strains would be a candidate to cause the long-term increase observed in the multiple station pairs.