Magnetic hysteresis measurements are routinely made in the Earth and planetary sciences to identify geologically meaningful  magnetic recorders, and to study variations in present and past environments. Interpreting magnetic hysteresis data in terms of domain state (particle size)  and paleomagnetic stability are major motivations behind undertaking these measurements, but the interpretations remain  fraught with challenges and ambiguities.To shed new light on these ambiguities, we have undertaken a systematic micromagnetic study to quantify the magnetic hysteresis behavior of room-temperature magnetite as a function of particle size (50-195 nm; equivalent spherical volume diameter) and shape (oblate, prolate and equant);our models span uniformly magnetized single domain (SD) to non-uniformly magnetized single vortex (SV) states.Within our models the reduced magnetization  marks a clear boundary between SD (≥0.5) and SV (<0.5) magnetite.We further identify particle sizes and shapes with unexpectedly low coercivity and coercivity of remanence. These low coercivity regions correspond to magnetite particles that typically have multiple possible magnetic domain states, which has been previously linked to a zone of unstable magnetic recorders.Of all hysteresis parameters investigated, transient hysteresis is most sensitive to particles that exhibit such domain state multiplicity, leading us to suggest that transient behavior be more routinely measured during rock magnetic investigations.

The ability of rocks to hold a reliable record of the ancient geomagnetic field depends on the structure and stability of magnetic domain-states contained within the rock’s magnetic particles. In paleomagnetic studies, the Day plot is an easily constructed graph of magnetic hysteresis parameters that is frequently used (and mis-used) to estimate the likely magnetic recording stability of samples. Often samples plot in the region of the Day plot attributed to so-called pseudo-single-domain (PSD) particles with little under standing of the implications for domain-states or recording fidelity. Here we use micromagnetic models to explore the hysteresis parameters of magnetite particles with idealized prolate and oblate truncated-octahedral geometries containing single domain (SD), single-vortex (SV) and occasionally multi-vortex (MV) states. We show that these do main states exhibit a well-defined trend in the Day plot that extends from the SD region well into the multi-domain (MD) region, all of which are likely to be stable remanence carriers. We suggest that although the interpretation of the Day plot and its vari33 ants might be subject to ambiguities, if the magnetic mineralogy is known, it can still provide some useful insights about paleomagnetic specimens’ dominant domain state, average particle sizes and, consequently, their paleomagnetic stability.

The cloudy zone (CZ), a nm-sized intergrowth of taenite or tetrataenite crystals (or islands), is the most promising phase to preserve palaeomagnetic records in (stony-)iron meteorites. While slowly-cooled meteorites form tetrataenite – an extremely good recorder – fast-cooled meteorites contain fine-grained taenite islands, which were considered unsuitable for palaeomagnetic studies. In this work, however, we show that nm-sized taenite grains are stable over billion-year timescales, indicating that taenite-bearing meteorites are reliable sources of paleomagnetic information. Additionally, we find a range of sizes for which taenite forms stable single-domain structures. Single-domain states might be preserved even through subsequent tetrataenite ordering, implying that tetrataenite might carry magnetization state inherited from its precursor taenite. This remanent magnetization can be up to 10\textsuperscript{5} years older than that of larger tetrataenite islands in the same meteorite, which would have been reset upon ordering. This allow studding to two distinct events of planetesimal formation from a single sample.

The minerals carrying the magnetic remanence in geological samples are commonly a solid solution series of iron-titanium spinels known as titanomagnetites. Despite the range of compositions within this series, micromagnetic studies that characterize the magnetic domain structures present in these minerals have typically focused on magnetite. No studies systematically comparing the domain-states present in titanomagnetites have been undertaken since the discovery of the single vortex (SV) structure and the advent of modern micromagnetism. The magnetic properties of the titanomagnetite series are known to vary with composition, which may influence the domain states present in these minerals, and therefore the magnetic stability of the samples bearing them. We present results from micromagnetic simulations of titanomagnetite ellipsoids of varying shape and composition to find the size ranges of the single domain (SD) and SV structures. These size ranges overlap, allowing for regions where the SD and SV structures are both available. These regions are of interest as they may lead to magnetic instability and “pTRM tails’ in paleointensity experiments. We find that although this SD+SV zone occupies a narrow range of sizes for equidimensional magnetite, it is widest for intermediate (TM30-40) titanomagnetite compositions, and increases for both oblate and prolate particles, with some compositions and sizes having an SD+SV zone up to 100s of nm wide. Our results help to explain the prevalence of pTRM tail-like behavior in paleointensity experiments. They also highlight regions of particles with unusual domain states to target for further investigation into the definitive mechanism behind paleointensity failure.