The role of subtropical Rossby waves in amplifying the divergent
circulation of the Madden Julian Oscillation
Abstract
The composite structure of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) has long
been known to feature pronounced Rossby gyres in the subtropical upper
troposphere, whose existence can be interpreted as the forced response
to convective heating anomalies in the presence of a subtropical
westerly jet. Here we inquire as to whether these forced gyre
circulations have any subsequent effects on divergence patterns in the
tropics. A nonlinear spherical shallow water model is used to
investigate how the introduction of different background jet profiles
affects the model’s steady-state response to an imposed MJO-like thermal
forcing. Results show that a stronger jet leads to a stronger
Kelvin-mode response in the tropics up to a critical jet speed, along
with stronger divergence anomalies in the vicinity of the forcing. To
understand this behavior, additional calculations are performed in which
a localized vorticity forcing is imposed in the extratropics, without
any thermal forcing in the tropics. The response is once again seen to
include pronounced equatorial Kelvin waves, provided the jet is of
sufficient amplitude. A detailed analysis of the vorticity budget
reveals that the zonal-mean zonal wind shear plays a key role in
amplifying the Kelvin-mode divergent winds near the equator. These
results help to explain why the MJO tends to be strongest during boreal
winter when the Indo-Pacific jet is typically at its strongest.