Deep neural network-based surrogate model linked with particle swarm
optimization for identification of subsurface contamination sources
Abstract
Identifying subsurface contamination is challenging as the sources are
not directly perceivable. Aquifer contamination only gets noticed when
it is measured in one of the observation wells. As remediation of the
contaminated sites is expensive and time-consuming, it is essential to
locate sources of contamination for efficient remediation design and
water resources management. Simulation-optimization approach is
popularly used for identification of contaminant sources. However, the
numerous runs required for the simulation model by utilizing the
optimization algorithm makes this approach computationally expensive.
Alternatively, the simulation model can be substituted by a surrogate
model which can significantly reduce the computational cost. In this
study, a deep neural network (DNN) based surrogate model is proposed for
simulating the transport of a reactive contaminant Tritium in a
hypothetical aquifer. The DNN is trained by considering injection rates
at possible source locations as inputs and concentration at observation
wells simulated by meshfree Radial Point Collocation Method (RPCM) as
output. RPCM efficiently handles instabilities associated with advection
and reaction dominant problems in comparison to grid/mesh-based methods.
The backpropagation approach is used to optimize the weights and biases
of the DNN using adaptive moment estimation (ADAM) as an optimizer. The
performance evaluation of the surrogate model yields Mean Squared Error
(MSE) close to zero and correlation coefficient (R2)
of 0.99. An inverse model is developed by linking the DNN surrogate
model and Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO). The application of the inverse
model show that the DNN-PSO model can predict the injection rates at
possible source locations accurately.