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Volume, effusion rate, and lava transport during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption: Results from near real-time photogrammetric monitoring
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  • Gro Birkefeldt Møller Pedersen,
  • Joaquin M. C. Belart,
  • Birgir V. Óskarsson,
  • Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson,
  • Nils Benjamin Gies,
  • Thórdís Högnadóttir,
  • Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir,
  • Virginie Pinel,
  • Etienne Berthier,
  • Tobias Dürig,
  • Hannah Iona Reynolds,
  • Christopher W. Hamilton,
  • Guðmundur Valsson,
  • Pall Einarsson,
  • Daniel Ben-Yehoshua,
  • Andri Gunnarsson,
  • Björn Oddsson
Gro Birkefeldt Møller Pedersen
University of Iceland

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Joaquin M. C. Belart
National Land Survey Iceland
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Birgir V. Óskarsson
Icelandic Institute of Natural History
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Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson
University of Iceland
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Nils Benjamin Gies
University of Bern
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Thórdís Högnadóttir
University of Iceland
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Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir
Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland
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Virginie Pinel
ISTerre- IRD- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc- CNRS
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Etienne Berthier
CNRS
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Tobias Dürig
University of Iceland
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Hannah Iona Reynolds
University of Iceland
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Christopher W. Hamilton
The University of Arizona
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Guðmundur Valsson
National Land Survey of Iceland
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Pall Einarsson
University of Iceland
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Daniel Ben-Yehoshua
University of Iceland
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Andri Gunnarsson
National Power Company
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Björn Oddsson
The Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management
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Abstract

The basaltic effusive eruption at Mt. Fagradalsfjall began on March 19, 2021, ending a 781-year hiatus on Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland. By late September 2021, 32 near real-time photogrammetric surveys were completed using satellite and airborne images, usually processed within 3–6 hours. The results provide unprecedented temporal data sets of lava volume, thickness, and effusion rate. This enabled rapid assessment of eruption evolution and hazards to populated areas, important infrastructure, and tourist centers. The mean lava thickness exceeds 30 m, covers 4.8 km2 and has a bulk volume of 150 ± 3 × 106 m3. The March–September mean effusion rate is 9.5 ± 0.2 m3/s, ranging between 1–8 m3/s in March–April and increasing to 9–13 m3/s in May–September. This is uncommon for recent Icelandic eruptions, where the highest discharge usually occurs in the opening phase.