Volume, effusion rate, and lava transport during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall
eruption: Results from near real-time photogrammetric monitoring
Abstract
The basaltic effusive eruption at Mt. Fagradalsfjall began on March 19,
2021, ending a 781-year hiatus on Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland. By late
September 2021, 32 near real-time photogrammetric surveys were completed
using satellite and airborne images, usually processed within 3–6
hours. The results provide unprecedented temporal data sets of lava
volume, thickness, and effusion rate. This enabled rapid assessment of
eruption evolution and hazards to populated areas, important
infrastructure, and tourist centers. The mean lava thickness exceeds 30
m, covers 4.8 km2 and has a bulk volume of 150 ± 3 ×
106 m3. The March–September mean
effusion rate is 9.5 ± 0.2 m3/s, ranging between 1–8
m3/s in March–April and increasing to 9–13
m3/s in May–September. This is uncommon for recent
Icelandic eruptions, where the highest discharge usually occurs in the
opening phase.