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Laboratory Modelling of Sill Emplacement: Part 1 - saucer-shaped intrusions
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  • Uchitha Suranga Nissanka Arachchige,
  • Alexander Cruden,
  • Roberto F. Weinberg,
  • Anja Slim,
  • Jonas Köpping
Uchitha Suranga Nissanka Arachchige
Monash University

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Alexander Cruden
Monash University
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Roberto F. Weinberg
Monash University
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Anja Slim
Monash University
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Jonas Köpping
Monash University
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Abstract

We investigate the conditions under which saucer-shaped sills form through the upper crust and their geometries. We performed a series of scaled laboratory experiments that employ visco-elastic-plastic Laponite RD® (LRD) gels to model upper crustal rocks, and Newtonian paraffin oil as the magma analogue. Both homogenous and layered analogue upper crust is considered. In homogenous 3 wt. % LRD, the injected oil formed a saucer-shaped intrusion with the shortest inner sill observed among all of the experiments. Saucer-shaped sills always formed in experiments with a two-layer upper crust. These experiments show sharp transitions from an inner flat sill to outer inclined sheets, which are characterised by non-planar margins. The experimental results show that: (1) the transition from an inner flat sill to outer inclined sheet occurs when the sill radius to overburden depth ratio (r/H) is between 0.5 and 2.5; (2) the inclined sheets propagate upwards with angles, θ = 15° to 25°; (3) the ratio of the Young’s modulus (E*) between the layers controls when the inner flat sill to outer inclined sheet occurs; and (4) irregular finger-like and/or lobe segment geometries form at the propagating tip of the intrusion. The results also suggest that there is no strict requirement for high horizontal stresses to form natural saucer-shaped sill geometries. We conclude that the layered visco-elastic-plastic crustal analogues better represent natural, complex saucer-shaped sill geometries. Furthermore, the observed sharp transitions between inner and outer sills are compatible with brittle-elastic fracture mechanisms operating at the intrusion scale.