Abstract
We investigate the conditions under which saucer-shaped sills form
through the upper crust and their geometries. We performed a series of
scaled laboratory experiments that employ visco-elastic-plastic Laponite
RD® (LRD) gels to model upper crustal rocks, and Newtonian paraffin oil
as the magma analogue. Both homogenous and layered analogue upper crust
is considered. In homogenous 3 wt. % LRD, the injected oil formed a
saucer-shaped intrusion with the shortest inner sill observed among all
of the experiments. Saucer-shaped sills always formed in experiments
with a two-layer upper crust. These experiments show sharp transitions
from an inner flat sill to outer inclined sheets, which are
characterised by non-planar margins. The experimental results show that:
(1) the transition from an inner flat sill to outer inclined sheet
occurs when the sill radius to overburden depth ratio (r/H) is between
0.5 and 2.5; (2) the inclined sheets propagate upwards with angles, θ =
15° to 25°; (3) the ratio of the Young’s modulus (E*) between the layers
controls when the inner flat sill to outer inclined sheet occurs; and
(4) irregular finger-like and/or lobe segment geometries form at the
propagating tip of the intrusion. The results also suggest that there is
no strict requirement for high horizontal stresses to form natural
saucer-shaped sill geometries. We conclude that the layered
visco-elastic-plastic crustal analogues better represent natural,
complex saucer-shaped sill geometries. Furthermore, the observed sharp
transitions between inner and outer sills are compatible with
brittle-elastic fracture mechanisms operating at the intrusion scale.