On the semi-annual formation of large scale three-dimensional vortices
at the stratopause
Abstract
An examination of the dynamics of the middle atmosphere as reconstructed
in the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and
Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) reveals the formation of large scale
three dimensional vortices in the tropical stratosphere following both
the vernal and autumnal equinoxes at times where the jet associated with
the westerly phase of the semi-annual oscillation (SAO) is maximal and
extratropical influences from planetary waves are weakest. An empirical
orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the second matrix invariant of the
velocity gradient tensor applied to the shear zones about the SAO
reveals statistically stationary wave-5 vortex structures that span more
than 3200km in length and up to 40km in the vertical. Eliassen-Palm
fluxes suggests the vortices are maintained by a combination of local
(shear zones) and remote (vertically propagating tropical) sources of
momentum. These large scale coherent features appear to be unique to the
stratopause.