Emplacement of laboratory igneous sheets and fingers influenced by the
Mohr-Coulomb properties of the host
Abstract
Planar magma intrusions such as dykes and sills are major magma
transport features and the main feeders of volcanic eruptions. Among
planar intrusions, sheet intrusions are fracture-like continuous
conduits, which are assumed to form by tensile opening and dominantly
elastic deformation of the host. However, numerous planar intrusions are
not continuous, and consist of aligned finger-shaped or more lobate
conduits. Field observations show that the emplacement of these fingers
is associated with inelastic, shear failure of the host rock, suggesting
that the Mohr-Coulomb properties of crustal rocks play a significant
role in the emplacement of fingers. In this study, we test the effects
of the Mohr-Coulomb properties of crustal rocks on the emplacement of
sheet-shaped and finger-shaped intrusions through quantitative
2-dimensional laboratory experiments. The model magma is viscous Golden
Syrup, and the model rock is made of mixtures of dry granular materials
of variable cohesion. A sideview camera allows monitoring the shape of
the propagating intrusions and the associated deformation in the host,
and a pressure sensor monitors the pressure of the syrup. Our
experiments show that sheet intrusions form in high-cohesion hosts
whereas finger-shaped intrusions form in low-cohesion hosts. Deformation
analysis of the host and pressure data show that the sheets and fingers
result from drastically distinct dynamics: sheets dominantly propagate
as a fracture, whereas fingers are emplaced as viscous indenters. All in
all, our experiments highlight that the cohesion of the Earth’s crust
and the associated shear damage play a major role on planar intrusion
emplacement.