Cold pools formed by precipitating convective clouds are an important source of mesoscale temperature variability. However, their sub-mesoscale (100 m to 10 km) structure has not been studied, which impedes validation of numerical models and understanding of their atmospheric and societal impacts. We quantify temperature variability in observed and simulated cold pools using variograms calculated from dense network observations collected during a field experiment and in high-resolution case study and idealized simulations. The temperature variance in cold pools is enhanced for spatial scales between ~5-15 km compared to pre-cold pool conditions, but the magnitude varies strongly with cold pool evolution and environment. Simulations capture the overall cold pool variogram shape well but underestimate the magnitude of the variability, irrespective of model resolution. Temperature variograms outside of cold pool periods are represented by the range of simulations evaluated here, suggesting that models misrepresent cold pool formation and/or dissipation processes.

We investigate whether and how spatial organisation affects the pathway to precipitation in large-domain hectometer simulations of the North Atlantic trades. We decompose the development of surface precipitation (P) in warm shallow trade cumulus into a formation phase, where cloud condensate is converted into rain, and a sedimentation phase, where rain falls towards the ground while some of it evaporates. With strengthened organisation, rain forms in weaker updrafts from smaller cloud droplets so that cloud condensate is less efficiently converted into rain. At the same time, organisation creates a locally moister environment and modulates the microphysical conversion processes that determine the raindrops' size. This reduces evaporation and more of the formed rain reaches the ground. Organisation thus affects how the two phases contribute to P, but only weakly affects the total precipitation efficiency. We conclude that the pathway to precipitation differs with organisation and suggest that organisation buffers rain development.

Trade wind convection organises into a rich spectrum of spatial patterns, often in conjunction with precipitation development. Which role spatial organisation plays for precipitation and vice versa is not well understood. We analyse scenes of trade wind convection scanned by the C-band radar Poldirad during the EUREC4A field campaign to investigate how trade wind precipitation fields are spatially organised, quantified by the cells’ number, mean size and spatial arrangement, and how this matters for precipitation characteristics. We find that the mean rain rate, i.e. the amount of precipitation in a scene, and the intensity of precipitation (mean conditional rain rate) relate differently to the spatial pattern of precipitation. While the amount of precipitation increases with mean cell size or number, as it scales well with the precipitation fraction, the intensity increases predominantly with mean cell size. In dry scenes, the increase of precipitation intensity with mean cell size is stronger than in moist scenes. Dry scenes usually contain fewer cells with a higher degree of clustering than moist scenes. High precipitation intensities hence typically occur in dry scenes with rather large, few and strongly clustered cells, while high precipitation amounts typically occur in moist scenes with rather large, numerous and weakly clustered cells. As cell size influences both the intensity and amount of precipitation, its importance is highlighted. Our analyses suggest that the cells’ spatial arrangement, correlating mainly weakly with precipitation characteristics, is of second order importance for precipitation across all regimes, but could be important for high precipitation intensities and to maintain precipitation amounts in dry environments.

The science guiding the \EURECA campaign and its measurements are presented. \EURECA comprised roughly five weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic — eastward and south-eastward of Barbados. Through its ability to characterize processes operating across a wide range of scales, \EURECA marked a turning point in our ability to observationally study factors influencing clouds in the trades, how they will respond to warming, and their link to other components of the earth system, such as upper-ocean processes or, or the life-cycle of particulate matter. This characterization was made possible by thousands (2500) of sondes distributed to measure circulations on meso (200 km) and larger (500 km) scales, roughly four hundred hours of flight time by four heavily instrumented research aircraft, four global-ocean class research vessels, an advanced ground-based cloud observatory, a flotilla of autonomous or tethered measurement devices operating in the upper ocean (nearly 10000 profiles), lower atmosphere (continuous profiling), and along the air-sea interface, a network of water stable isotopologue measurements, complemented by special programmes of satellite remote sensing and modeling with a new generation of weather/climate models. In addition to providing an outline of the novel measurements and their composition into a unified and coordinated campaign, the six distinct scientific facets that \EURECA explored — from Brazil Ring Current Eddies to turbulence induced clustering of cloud droplets and its influence on warm-rain formation — are presented along with an overview \EURECA’s outreach activities, environmental impact, and guidelines for scientific practice.