Dispersion processes in weakly dissipative estuaries: Part 1. Single
harmonic tide.
Abstract
We report the results of an extensive experimental campaign dedicated to
the analysis of turbulent dispersion owing to the circulations in tide
dominated estuaries, characterized by a compound cross section (a main
channel and lateral tidal flats). Following the classification suggested
by Toffolon et al. (2006), we concentrate our attention on
weakly-convergent and weakly-dissipative estuaries, where the internal
waters communicate with the open sea through an inlet mouth. Particle
Image Velocimetry is employed to measure two-dimensional surface
velocity. Large scale macro-vortices, generated by vortex shedding
during the flood phase from the inlet barrier, tend to occupy the entire
tidal flats width and, irrespective of the controlling parameters, they
are completely flushed out during the ebb phase. Flow decomposition
based on averaging over the tidal period enlightens the presence of an
intense residual current, with shape influenced by the large-scale flood
vortices. The measured Eulerian surface velocity fields form the basis
for a thorough Lagrangian analysis, which yields a clear picture of the
dispersion regimes. The presence of large-scale vortices and of an
intense residual current strongly influences the Lagrangian
auto-correlation functions and the corresponding absolute dispersion
time evolution. Looping auto-correlations are the signature of both the
periodic forcing and vortices, ultimately, leading to super diffusive
regimes. Moreover, an asymptotic Brownian regime is always found for the
investigated range of parameters allowing for an estimate of the
horizontal dispersion coefficients. For the latter, we suggest a
simplified algebraic formulation that well fits the experimental
estimates.