Despite significant developments in global modeling, the determination of ionospheric conductance in the auroral region remains a challenge in the space science community. With advances in adiabatic kinetic theory and numerical couplings between global magnetohydrodynamic models and ring current models, the dynamic prediction of individual sources of auroral conductance have improved significantly. However, the individual impact of these sources on the total conductance and ionospheric electrodynamics remains understudied. In this study, we have investigated individual contributions from four types of auroral precipitation - electron & ion diffuse, monoenergetic & Alfven wave-driven - on ionospheric electrodynamics using a novel modeling setup. The setup encompasses recent developments within the University of Michigan’s Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF), specifically through the use of the MAGNetosphere - Ionosphere - Thermosphere auroral precipitation model and dynamic two-way coupling with the Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model. This modeling setup replaces the empirical idealizations traditionally used to estimate conductance in SWMF, with a physics-based approach capable of resolving 3-D high-resolution mesoscale features in the ionosphere-thermosphere system. Using this setup, we have simulated an idealized case of southward Bz 5nT & the April 5-7 “Galaxy15” Event. Contributions from each source of precipitation are compared against the OVATION Prime Model, while auroral patterns and hemispheric power during Galaxy15 are compared against observations from DMSP SSUSI and the AE-based FTA model. Additionally, comparison of field aligned currents (FACs) and potential patterns are also conducted against AMPERE, SuperDARN & AMIE estimations. Progressively applying conductance sources, we find that diffuse contributions from ions and electrons provide ~75% of the total energy flux and Hall conductance in the auroral region. Despite this, we find that Region 2 FACs increase by ~11% & cross-polar potential reduces by ~8.5% with the addition of monoenergetic and broadband sources, compared to <1% change in potential for diffuse additions to the conductance. Results also indicate a dominant impact of ring current on the strength and morphology of the precipitation pattern.

The accurate determination of auroral precipitation in global models has remained a daunting and rather inexplicable obstacle. Understanding the calculation and balance of multiple sources that constitute the aurora, and their eventual conversion into ionospheric electrical conductance, is critical for improved prediction of space weather events. In this study, we present a semi-physical global modeling approach that characterizes contributions by four types of precipitation - monoenergetic, broadband, electron and ion diffuse - to ionospheric electrodynamics. The model uses a combination of adiabatic kinetic theory and loss parameters derived from historical energy flux patterns to estimate auroral precipitation from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) quantities. It then converts them into ionospheric conductance that is used to compute the ionospheric feedback to the magnetosphere. The model has been employed to simulate the April 5 - 7, 2010 “Galaxy15” space weather event. Comparison of auroral fluxes show good agreement with observational datasets like NOAA-DMSP and OVATION Prime. The study shows a dominant contribution by electron diffuse precipitation, accounting for ~74% of the auroral energy flux. However, contributions by monoenergetic and broadband sources dominate during times of active upstream conditions, providing for up to 61% of the total hemispheric power. The study also indicates a dominant role played by broadband precipitation in ionospheric electrodynamics which accounts for ~31% of the Pedersen conductance.

We present latest results from the Conductance Model for Extreme Events (CMEE) and the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere (MAGNIT) Conductance Model. Both models have been integrated into the Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) to couple dynamically with the BATS-R-US MHD model, the Rice Convection Model (RCM) of the ring current & the Ridley Ionosphere Model (RIM) to simulate the April 2010 “Galaxy15” Event. The model is used with three grid configurations: the low-resolution configuration currently employed by NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center and two additional configurations that decrease the minimum grid resolution from ¼ RE to ⅛ and 1/16 RE. In addition, the simulation is driven with and without the dynamic coupling with RCM to study the impact of the ring current’s pressure correction in the inner magnetospheric domain. Using this model setup for a Maxwellian distribution, aforementioned precipitation sources are progressively applied and compared against the DMSP SSUSI observations. Finally, data-model comparisons against AMPERE Field-Aligned Currents, geomagnetic indices & magnetometer measurements are shown, with additional comparison against the existing conductance model in RIM. Results show remarkable progress in auroral precipitation modeling & MI coupling layouts in global models.

The Earth’s magnetosheath and cusps emit soft X-rays due to the interaction between highly charged solar wind ions and exospheric hydrogen atoms. The LEXI and SMILE missions are scheduled to image the Earth’s dayside magnetosphere system in soft X-rays and thus to investigate global-scale magnetopause reconnection modes under varying solar wind conditions. The exospheric neutral hydrogen density distribution is an important consideration in the calculation of X-ray emissivities. The value of this density at the subsolar magnetopause is of particular interest for understanding X-ray emissions near this boundary, and is used as a comparison between competing models of hydrogen distribution. This paper estimates the exospheric density during solar minimum by using X-ray Multimirror Mission (XMM) astrophysics observations. We searched 11 years of XMM soft X-ray data and provided a list of 193 events with a possible detection of X-rays of magnetospheric origin. These events occurred during relatively constant solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions. During these events the location of the magnetopause was measured in-situ by heliospheric missions. Thus the location of the solar wind ions responsible for the magnetospheric emission are well constrained by observation. We detected one particular event on 12-Nov-2008 and and estimated an exospheric density using the Open Geospace Global Circulation Model and a spherically symmetric exosphere model. The OpenGGCM magnetosheath parameters were used to disentangle soft X-rays of exospheric origin from the XMM signal. The lower limit of the exospheric density of this solar minimum event is 36.8 cm$^{-3}$ at 10 $R_E$ subsolar location.