An advanced hodograph technique was applied to extract quasi-monochromatic, linear gravity wave (GW) packets from simultaneous wind and temperature measurements by a ground-based Doppler-Rayleigh-Mie-Raman lidar located in Kühlungsborn (54\,\textdegree N, 12\,\textdegree E). During the night of 11 to 12 February 2022, the stratospheric polar vortex was slightly elongated towards Central Europe. The polar night jet’s (PNJ) core was located nearly above the lidar. This unique meteorological situation allowed horizontal wind and temperature measurements in a stratospheric high-wind speed regime. GW refraction in the strong vertical gradient of the horizontal winds associated with the PNJ was observed. In addition, the subsequent low-pass filtering of upward and downward propagating GWs in the strong winds of the PNJ was demonstrated. A pair of upward and downward propagating GWs at the top and bottom edge of the PNJ’s core could be the result of shear excitation in the PNJ. A statistical analysis of intrinsic GW parameters is provided for all resolved linear GWs. Approximately 35\,\% of the resolved GWs propagate downward, and there is stronger filtering of the downward waves compared to the upward waves by the PNJ core. ECMWF-IFS horizontal winds and temperatures had a lower variability than the lidar and a poorer overall agreement above 50\,km. Stratospheric temperatures in ECMWF show a cool bias of greater than 2\,K.

This study exploits the high-density zonal sampling at the turnaround latitude of the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) in the Southern Hemisphere to investigate the missing drag in chemistry-climate models near 60 S. Gravity wave (GW) properties including amplitude, zonal wavenumber, vertical wavelength, and momentum flux are estimated with a wavelet analysis method based on the S-transform. Monthly means of GW properties compare well with estimates from previous studies. We further investigate the contribution to GW momentum flux above orographic and nonorographic regions and find that while fluxes are much larger locally over orographic regions, the contribution to the zonal mean is roughly 3 times smaller than the contribution over nonorographic regions. We also investigate the relationship with the zonal wind and find that GW momentum flux is highly correlated with the near surface winds over orographic regions. In addition to momentum flux, we also provide estimates of the zonal drag and use these estimates to evaluate the current GW parameterizations and resolved wave forcing in models participating in phase 1 of the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI-1). The HIRDLS zonal drag estimates suggest that the CCMI-1 models have insufficient zonal drag, especially in June, July, and August, and that the majority of the missing drag is over nonorographic regions. Our discussion includes implications for the Brewer-Dobson Circulation and ozone hole.