Estimation of absolute stress in the hypocentral region of the 2019
Ridgecrest, California, earthquakes
Abstract
Strength of the upper brittle part of the Earth’s lithosphere controls
deformation styles in tectonically active regions, surface topography,
seismicity, and the occurrence of plate tectonics, yet it remains one of
the most debated quantities in geophysics. Direct measurements of
stresses acting at seismogenic depths are largely lacking. Seismic data
(in particular, earthquake focal mechanisms) have been used to infer
orientation of the principal stress axes. I show that the focal
mechanism data can be combined with information from precise earthquake
locations to place constraints not only on the orientation, but also on
the magnitude of absolute stress at depth. The proposed method uses
relative attitudes of conjugate faults to evaluate the amplitude and
spatial heterogeneity of the deviatoric stress and frictional strength
in the seismogenic zone. Relative fault orientations (dihedral angles)
and sense of slip are determined using quasi-planar clusters of
seismicity and their composite focal mechanisms. The observed
distribution of dihedral angles between active conjugate faults in the
area of Ridgecrest (California, USA) that hosted a recent sequence of
strong earthquakes suggests in situ coefficient of friction of 0.4-0.6,
and depth-averaged shear stress on the order of 25-40 MPa, intermediate
between predictions of the “strong” and “weak” fault theories.