Incorporating plant access to groundwater in existing global,
satellite-based evaporation estimates
Abstract
Groundwater is an important water source for evaporation, especially
during dry conditions. Despite this recognition, plant access to
groundwater is often neglected in global evaporation models. This study
proposes a new, conceptual approach to incorporate plant access to
groundwater in existing global evaporation models. To this end, the
Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) is used, and the
resulting influence of groundwater on global evaporation is assessed.
The new GLEAM-Hydro model relies on the linear reservoir assumption for
modelling groundwater flow, and introduces a transpiration partitioning
approach to estimate groundwater contributions. Model estimates are
validated globally against field observations of evaporation, soil
moisture, discharge and groundwater level for the time period 2015-2021,
and compared to a regional groundwater model. Results indicate only mild
improvements in evaporation estimates, as most eddy-covariance stations
are located in energy-limited regions or regions with no plant access to
groundwater. The temporal dynamics of the simulated evaporation improves
across 75% of the stations where groundwater is a relevant water
source. The skill of the model for variables such as soil moisture and
runoff remains similar to GLEAM v3. Representing groundwater access
influences evaporation in 22% of the continental surface, and it
increases evaporation globally by 2.5 mm year-1 (0.5%
of terrestrial evaporation). The proposed approach enables a more
realistic process representation of evaporation under water-limited
conditions in satellite-data driven models such as GLEAM, and sets the
ground to assimilate satellite gravimetry data in the future.