Impact of the 2018 Ambae eruption on the global stratospheric aerosol
layer and climate
Abstract
During an extended volcanic unrest starting in 2017, two main moderate
stratospheric eruptions occurred at the Ambae volcano (15°S and 167°E),
Vanuatu, in April and July 2018. Observations from a geostationary orbit
show that the April and July eruptions injected a volcanic plume into
the lower stratosphere. While aerosol enhancements from the April
eruption have only had an impact on the Southern Hemisphere, the plume
from the July eruption was distributed within the lower branch of the
Brewer-Dobson circulation to both hemispheres. Satellite, ground-based
and in situ observations show that the background aerosol is enhanced
throughout the year after the July eruption on a global scale. A
volcanic-induced perturbation of the global stratospheric aerosol
optical depth up to 0.012 is found, in the ultraviolet/visible spectral
range. This perturbation is comparable to that of recent moderate
stratospheric eruptions like from Kasatochi, Sarychev and Nabro. Top of
the atmosphere radiative forcing values are estimated between -0.45 and
-0.6 W/m2 for this event, showing that the Ambae eruption had the
strongest climatic impact of the year 2018. Thus, the Ambae eruption in
2018 has to be taken into account when studying the decadal lower
stratospheric aerosol budget and in climate studies.