The continuous redistribution of water mass involved in the hydrologic cycle leads to deformation of The continuous redistribution of water involved in the hydrologic cycle leads to deformation of the solid Earth. On a global scale, this deformation is well explained by the loading imposed by hydrological mass variations and can be quantified to first order with space-based gravimetric and geodetic measurements. At the regional scale, however, aquifer systems also undergo poroelastic deformation in response to groundwater fluctuations. Disentangling these related but distinct 3D deformation fields from geodetic time series is essential to accurately invert for changes in continental water mass, to understand the mechanical response of aquifers to internal pressure changes as well as to correct time series for these known effects. Here, we demonstrate a methodology to accomplish this task by considering the example of the well-instrumented Ozark Plateaus Aquifer System (OPAS) in central United States. We begin by characterizing the most important sources of groundwater level variations in the spatially heterogeneous piezometer dataset using an Independent Component Analysis. Then, to estimate the associated poroelastic displacements, we project geodetic time series corrected for hydrological loading effects onto the dominant groundwater temporal functions. We interpret the extracted displacements in light of analytical solutions and a 2D model relating groundwater level variations to surface displacements. In particular, the relatively low estimates of elastic moduli inferred from the poroelastic displacements and groundwater fluctuations may be indicative of aquifer layers with a high fracture density. Our findings suggest that OPAS undergoes significant poroelastic deformation, including highly heterogeneous horizontal poroelastic displacements.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) plays a key role in reactive processes and microbial dynamics in the critical zone. While the general view is that oxygen is rapidly depleted in soils and that deeper compartments are anoxic, recent observations showed that fractures can provide rapid pathways for deep oxygen penetration, triggering unexpected biogeochemical processes. As it is transported in the subsurface, DO reacts with electron donors, such as $Fe^{2+}$ coming from mineral dissolution, hence influencing rock-weathering. Yet, little is known about the factors controlling the spatial heterogeneity and distribution of oxygen with depth. Here we present analytical expressions describing the coupled evolution of DO and $Fe^{2+}$ as a function of fluid travel time in crystalline rocks. Our model, validated with reactive transport simulations, predicts a linear decay of DO with time, followed by a rapid non-linear increase of $Fe^{2+}$ concentrations up to an equilibrium state. Relative effects of the reducing capacity of the bedrock and of transport velocity are quantified through a Damkohler number, capturing key hydrological and geological controls of $Fe^{2+}$ and DO distributions in the subsurface. This framework is used to investigate contrasted DO and $Fe^{2+}$ concentrations observed in two crystalline catchments. These differences are explained by the Damkohler number: one system is reaction-limited while the second is transport-limited. We show that hydrological and geological drivers can be discriminated by analyzing both O$_2$ and $Fe^{2+}$. These findings provide a new conceptual framework to understand and predict the evolution of DO in the subsurface, a key element in the critical zone.

Predicting the impact of changing climate and anthropogenic influences on stream discharge dynamics and baseflow conditions requires insight into the main factors that regulate storage and transfer of water from hillslope aquifers to surface streams. Classically, it is assumed that above a certain scale, hydrological laws involved at small-scale can be simplified, allowing the representation of the landscape and its subsurface in models as a homogeneous hillslope with effective slope, length and hydraulic properties. From a comprehensive analysis of hydrological, geological and geomorphological databases available in the Swiss Alps we provide evidence that such simplification might lead to inaccurate estimates of streamflow dynamics at baseflow. We reveal that recession behavior strongly deviates from that predicted by idealized homogeneous theories. A correlation analysis allows us to identify which key features of the landscape might control this deviation, with particular attention to slope, drainage density, depth to bedrock, and lithology as the main drivers. We summarize the current knowledge of physical mechanisms that could lead to complex hydrological behavior in Alpine contexts, and we finally discuss implications in defining modeling strategies for the Critical Zone community.

A comprehensive surface displacement monitoring system installed in the recently deglaciated bedrock slopes of the Aletsch Valley shows systematic reversible motions at the annual scale. We explore potential drivers for this deformation signal and demonstrate that the main driver is pore pressure changes of phreatic groundwater in fractured granitic mountain slopes. The spatial pattern of these reversible annual deformations shows similar magnitudes and orientations for adjacent monitoring points, leading to the hypothesis that the annually reversible deformation is caused by slope-scale groundwater elevation changes and rock mass properties. Conversely, we show that the ground reaction to infiltration from snowmelt and summer rainstorms can be highly heterogeneous at local scale, and that brittle-ductile fault zones are key features for the groundwater pressure-related rock mass deformations. We also observe irreversible long-term trends (over the 6.5 yr dataset) of deformation in the Aletsch valley composed of a larger uplift than observed at our reference GNSS station in the Rhone valley, and horizontal displacements of the slopes towards the valley. These observations can be attributed respectively to the elastic bedrock rebound in response to current glacier mass downwasting of the Great Aletsch Glacier and gravitational slope deformations enabled by cyclic groundwater pressure-related rock mass fatigue in the fractured rock slopes.