The resonant charge exchange coupling between H+, H, O+ and O is a major driver of H+ and O+ transport between the plasmasphere and topside ionosphere. In this work, we present a new technique to derive model-independent neutral atomic hydrogen density, [H], based on parametric solution of the proton continuity equation including charge-exchange-driven transport. Estimation of [H] using the proton continuity equation incorporates atomic oxygen density [O] derived from the inversion of 135.6 nm OI emission measured by TIMED/GUVI and coincident ionospheric parameter measurements from the Arecibo incoherent scatter radar. Furthermore, by solving both the H+ and O+ continuity equations simultaneously, this work also quantifies the field-aligned vertical transport of protons between the plasmasphere and ionosphere and its effect on maintenance of the nightside and dayside ionospheric composition. Case studies during geomagnetically quiet intervals show that the transport of protons from the plasmasphere during nighttime is sufficient for the maintenance of the observed ionospheric O+ composition through reverse charge-exchange with O. Resulting O+ can diffuse upward or downward away from the source, which leads to observed counter-streaming of H+ and O+. Higher O+ densities on the dayside result in the charge-exchange production of H+, which acts as a source of protons to the plasmasphere. In summary, this work provides an unprecedented, model-independent quantification of diurnal conservation of plasmaspheric protons and its effect on ionospheric variability during quiet-times.

During geomagnetic storms, charge exchange between neutral hydrogen (H) atoms in the terrestrial exosphere and H+ and O+ ions in the ring current serves to dissipate magnetospheric energy through the generation of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs), which escape Earth’s gravity on ballistic trajectories. Imaging of the resulting ENA flux is a well-known technique to infer the ring current ion distribution, but its accuracy depends critically on the specification of the exospheric H density distribution. Although measurements of H airglow emission exhibit storm-time variations, the H density distributions used in ENA image inversion are typically assumed to be static, and the current lack of knowledge regarding global exospheric evolution during storms represents an important source of error in investigations of ring current dynamics. In this work, we present a new technique to reconstruct the global, 3D, and time-dependent H density distribution from observations of its optically thin emission at 121.6 nm (Lyman-α) acquired from the Lyman-alpha detectors onboard the NASA TWINS satellites. The technique is based on our recent development of a robust tomographic inversion algorithm, which is modified to incorporate the temporal dimension via Kalman filtering. We present the first time-dependent reconstructions of exospheric structure during geomagnetic storms, which exhibit pronounced dayside density enhancements and a strong anti-correlation with the DST index.

It has been four decades since Apollo 16 returned the first wide-field UV imagery of the Earth and revealed the vast extent of exospheric hydrogen (H) atoms around the planet. Since that time, appreciation has grown regarding the significance of this outermost atmospheric layer, whose charge exchange interaction with ambient ions dissipates magnetospheric energy, generates the energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) widely used for remote sensing of the ring current dynamics during geomagnetic storms, and accelerates gravitational escape and thus permanent atmospheric evolution. Despite the importance of Earth’s H exosphere to the solar-terrestrial system, however, current understanding of its global structure and dynamical evolution is insufficient, such that the origin of persistent discrepancies between measurements and models remains unresolved. Remote sensing of UV emission from geocoronal H atoms, generated through resonant scattering of solar radiation at 121.6 nm (Lyman-alpha) is the only empirical means available to investigate the terrestrial exosphere. In this work, we present robust tomographic-based techniques we have developed in recent years to estimate the 3-D, global and time-dependent H-density distributions during quiet and storm-time from observations of its optically thin emission at Lyman-α acquired from the Lyman-alpha detectors onboard the NASA TWINS satellites. Several examples of recent 2D and 3D data analyses will be used to demonstrate the current state-of-the-art, reveal surprising exospheric phenomenon, and motivate future work.

As soon as the outer plasmasphere gets eroded during geomagnetic storms, the greatly depleted plasmasphere is replenished by cold, dense plasma from the ionosphere. A strong correlation has been revealed between plasmaspheric refilling rates and ambient densities in the topside ionosphere and exosphere, particularly that of atomic hydrogen (H). Although measurements of H airglow emission at plasmaspheric altitudes exhibit storm-time response, temporally static distributions have typically been assumed in the H density in plasmasphere modeling. In this presentation, we evaluate the impact of a realistic distribution of the dynamic H density on the plasmaspheric refilling rate during the geomagnetic storm on March 17, 2013. The temporal and spatial evolution of the plasmaspheric density is calculated by using the Ionosphere-Plasmasphere Electrodynamics (IPE) model, which is driven by a global, 3-D, and time-dependent H density distribution reconstructed from the exospheric remote sensing measurements by NASA’s TWINS and TIMED missions. We quantify the spatial and temporal scales of the refilling rate and its correlation with H densities.