The electromagnetic coupling between the Galilean satellites at Jupiter and the planetary ionosphere generates an auroral footprint, whose ultimate source is the relative velocity between the moons and the corotating magnetospheric plasma. The footprint can be detected in the infrared L band (3.3-3.6 microns) by the Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) onboard the Juno spacecraft, which can observe the footprint position with high precision. Here, we report the JIRAM data acquired since August 27th 2016 until May 23rd 2022, corresponding to the first 42 orbits of Juno. The dataset is used to compute the average position of the footprint tracks of Io, Europa and Ganymede. The result of the present analysis can help to test the reliability of magnetic field models, to calibrate ground-based observations and to highlight episodes of variability in the footprint positions, which in turn can point out specific conditions of the Jovian magnetospheric environment.

At Jupiter, part of the auroral radio emissions are induced by the Galilean moons Io, Europa and Ganymede. Until now, except for Ganymede, they have been only remotely detected, using ground-based radio-telescopes or electric antennas aboard spacecraft. The polar trajectory of the Juno orbiter allows the spacecraft to cross the range of magnetic flux tubes which sustain the various Jupiter-satellite interactions, and in turn to sample in situ the associated radio emission regions. In this study, we focus on the detection and the characterization of radio sources associated with Io, Europa and Ganymede. Using electric wave measurements or radio observations (Juno/Waves), in situ electron measurements (Juno/JADE-E), and magnetic field measurements (Juno/MAG) we demonstrate that the Cyclotron Maser Instability (CMI) driven by a loss-cone electron distribution function is responsible for the encountered radio sources. We confirmed that radio emissions are associated with Main (MAW) or Reflected Alfvén Wing (RAW), but also show that for Europa and Ganymede, induced radio emissions are associated with Transhemispheric Electron Beam (TEB). For each traversed radio source, we determine the latitudinal extension, the CMI-resonant electron energy, and the bandwidth of the emission. We show that the presence of Alfvén perturbations and downward field aligned currents are necessary for the radio emissions to be amplified.

A document by Ali H. Sulaiman. Click on the document to view its contents.

The Juno Waves instrument can be used to accurately determine the electron density inside Io’s orbit, the inner Io torus. These observations have revealed a local peak in the electron density just inside M=5 and at centrifugal latitudes above about 10º that is likely the ’cold torus’ as identified in Earth-based observations of S+ emissions. This peak or ’finger’ is separated from the more dense Io torus by a local minimum or ’trough’ at M ≥ 5. The electron densities are inferred by identifying characteristic frequencies of the plasma such as the low-frequency cutoff of Z-mode radiation at fL=0 and the low-frequency cutoff of ordinary mode radiation at fpe that depend on the electron density. The ’finger’ density ranges from about 0.2 to 65 cm-3 and decreases with increasing centrifugal latitude. The ’trough’ densities range from 0.05 to ~10 cm-3. This pattern of a density ’trough’ followed by the ’finger’ closer to Jupiter is found on repeated passes through the inner Io torus over a range of centrifugal latitudes. Using a simple model for the electron densities measured above about 10º centrifugal latitude, we’ve estimated the scale height of the ’finger’ densities as about 1.17 RJ with respect to the centrifugal equator, which is somewhat surprising given the expected cold temperature of the cold torus. The larger scale height suggests a population of light ions, such as protons, are elevated off the centrifugal equator. This is confirmed by a multi-species diffusive equilibrium model.

Magnetic reconnection has been commonly reported between the solar wind IMF and the magnetic field of Earth and other planets. This article is the first report of a reconnection event in the tail region of Ganymede, the only known moon with an intrinsic magnetic field. We show strong evidence of Juno passing very close to an X-line at Ganymede's tail. We report the observation of distinctive electron Bernstein mode waves with unique characteristics particular to a reconnection site. We detect a clear reversal of a magnetic field component. Electron densities and pitch angle distributions also support the findings. Finally, from the time sequence of the observations by the different instruments on Juno, we reconstruct a likely trajectory of Juno around the reconnection site.

A document by William S Kurth. Click on the document to view its contents.

We define the spatial clustering of X-rays within Jupiter’s northern auroral regions by classifying their distributions into ‘X-ray auroral structures’. Using data from Chandra during Juno’s main mission observations (24 May 2016 – 8 September 2019), we define five X-ray structures based on their ionospheric location and calculate the distribution of auroral photons. The morphology and ionospheric location of these structures allow us to explore the possibility of numerous X-ray auroral magnetospheric drivers. We compare these distributions to Hubble Space Telescope (HST)and Juno (Waves and MAG) data, and a 1D solar wind propagation model to infer the state of Jupiter’s magnetosphere. Our results suggest that the five sub-classes of ‘X-ray structures’ fall under two broad morphologies: fully polar and low latitude emissions. Visibility modelling of each structure suggests the non-uniformity of the photon distributions across the Chandra intervals are likely associated with the switching on/off of magnetospheric drivers as opposed to geometrical effects. The combination of ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray morphological structures is a powerful tool to elucidate the behaviour of both electrons and ions and their link to solar wind/magnetospheric conditions in the absence of an upstream solar monitor.

The Juno Waves instrument measured plasma waves associated with Ganymede’s magnetosphere during its flyby on 7 June, day 158, 2021. Three distinct regions were identified including a wake, and nightside and dayside regions in the magnetosphere distinguished by their electron densities and associated variability. The magnetosphere includes electron cyclotron harmonic emissions including a band at the upper hybrid frequency, as well as whistler-mode chorus and hiss. These waves likely interact with energetic electrons in Ganymede’s magnetosphere by pitch angle scattering and/or accelerating the electrons. The wake is accentuated by low-frequency turbulence and electrostatic solitary waves. Radio emissions observed before and after the flyby likely have their source in Ganymede’s magnetosphere.

We present multi-instrument Juno observations on day-of-year 86, 2017 that link particles and fields in Jupiter’s polar magnetosphere to transient UV emissions in Jupiter’s northern auroral region known as dawn storms. Juno ranged from 42ºN - 51ºN in magnetic latitude and 5.8 – 7.8 jovian radii (1 RJ = 71,492 km) during this period. These dawn storm emissions consisted of two separate, elongated structures which extended into the nightside, rotated with the planet, had enhanced brightness (up to at least 1.4 megaRayleigh) and high color ratios. The color ratio is a proxy for the atmospheric penetration depth and therefore the energy of the electrons that produce the UV emissions. Juno observed electrons and ions on magnetic field lines mapping to these emissions. The electrons were primarily field-aligned, bi-directional, and, at times, exhibited sudden intensity decreases below ~10 keV coincident with intensity enhancements up to energies of ~1000 keV, consistent with the high color ratio observations. The more energetic electron distributions had characteristic energies of ~160 – 280 keV and downward energy fluxes (~70 – 135 mW/m2) that were a significant fraction needed to produce the UV emissions for this event. Magnetic field perturbations up to ~0.7% of the local magnetic field showing evidence of upward and downward field-aligned currents, whistler mode waves, and broadband kilometric radio emissions were also observed along Juno’s trajectory during this timeframe. These high latitude observations show similarities to those in the equatorial magnetosphere associated with dynamics processes such as interchange events, plasma injections, and/or tail reconnection.

On June 7th, 2021 the Juno spacecraft visited Ganymede and provided the first in situ observations since Galileo’s last flyby in 2000. The measurements obtained along a one-dimensional trajectory can be brought into global context with the help of three-dimensional magnetospheric models. Here we apply the magnetohydrodynamic model of Duling et al. (2014) to conditions during the Juno flyby. In addition to the global distribution of plasma variables we provide mapping of Juno’s position along magnetic field lines, Juno’s distance from closed field lines and detailed information about the magnetic field’s topology. We find that Juno did not enter the closed field line region and that the boundary between open and closed field lines on the surface matches the poleward edges of the observed auroral ovals. To estimate the sensitivity of the model results, we carry out a parameter study with different upstream plasma conditions and other model parameters.

Juno’s arrival at Jupiter in 2016 revealed unprecedented details about Jupiter’s ultraviolet aurorae thanks to its unique suite of remote sensing and in situ instruments. Here we present results from in situ observations during Juno flybys above specific bright auroral spots in Jupiter’s polar aurora. We compare data observed by Juno-UVS, JEDI, JADE, Waves, and MAG instruments when Juno was magnetically connected to bright polar auroral spots during perijove 3 (PJ3), PJ15, and PJ33. The highly energetic particles observed by JEDI show enhancements dominated by upward electrons, which suggests that the particle acceleration region takes place below the spacecraft. Moreover, both brightness and upward particle flux were higher for the northern bright spot in PJ3 compared to the southern spots found in PJ15 and PJ33. In addition, we notice the intensification of whistler-mode waves at the time of the particle enhancements, suggesting that wave-particle interactions contribute to the acceleration of particles which cause the UV aurorae. The MAG data reveal magnetic perturbations during the PJ3 spot detection by Juno, which suggests the presence of significant field-aligned electric currents. While the stable position of the bright spots in System III suggests that the phenomenon is fixed with respect to the rotation of the planet, the presence of field-aligned currents leaves open the possibility of an origin rooted much farther in the magnetosphere.

Jupiter displays many distinct auroral structures, among which auroral dawn storms and auroral injections are often observed contemporaneously. However, it is unclear if the contemporaneous nature of the observations is a coincidence or part of an underlying physical connection. We show six clear examples from a recent Hubble Space Telescope campaign (GO-14634) that each display both auroral dawn storms and auroral injection signatures. We found that these conjugate phenomena could exist during intervals of either relatively low or high auroral activity, as evidenced by the varied levels of total auroral power. In-situ observations of the magnetosphere by Juno, show a strong magnetic reconnection event inside of 45 Jupiter Radii (RJ) on the predawn sector, followed by two dipolarization events within the following two hours, coincident with the auroral dawn storm and auroral injection event. We therefore suggest that the auroral dawn storm is the manifestation of magnetic reconnection in the dawnside magnetosphere. The dipolarization region mapped to the auroral injection, strongly suggesting that this was associated with the auroral injection. Since magnetic reconnection and dipolarization are physically connected, we therefore suggest that the often-conjugate auroral dawn storm and auroral injection events are also physically connected consequences.