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Evolution of the Climate Forcing During the Two Years after the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Eruption
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  • Mark Robin Schoeberl,
  • Yi Wang,
  • Ghassan Taha,
  • Daniel J Zawada,
  • Rei Ueyama,
  • Andrew E. Dessler
Mark Robin Schoeberl
Science and Technology Corporation

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Yi Wang
Science and Technology Corporation
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Ghassan Taha
Morgan State University
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Daniel J Zawada
University of Saskatchewan
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Rei Ueyama
NASA Ames Research Center
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Andrew E. Dessler
Texas A&M University
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Abstract

We calculate the climate forcing for the two years after the January 15, 2022, Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (Hunga) eruption. We use satellite observations of stratospheric aerosols, trace gases and temperatures to compute the tropopause radiative flux changes relative to climatology. Overall, the net downward radiative flux decreased compared to climatology. Although the Hunga stratospheric water vapor anomaly increases the downward infrared radiative flux, the solar flux reduction due to Hunga aerosol shroud dominates the net flux over most of the two-year period. Decreases in temperature produced by the Hunga stratospheric circulation changes contributes to the decrease in downward flux; however, the Hunga induced decrease in ozone increases the net short-wave downward flux creating small sub-tropical net flux increase in late 2022. Coincident with the aerosols settling out, the water vapor anomaly disperses, and circulation changes disappear so that the contrasting forcings all decrease together. By the end of 2023, most of the Hunga induced radiative forcing changes have disappeared. There is some disagreement in the satellite stratospheric aerosol optical depth (SAOD) which we view as a measure of the uncertainty; however, SAOD uncertainty does not alter our conclusion that, overall, aerosols dominate the radiative flux changes followed by temperature and ozone.
05 Apr 2024Submitted to ESS Open Archive
12 Apr 2024Published in ESS Open Archive
28 Jul 2024Published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres volume 129 issue 14. 10.1029/2024JD041296