Idealized models can reveal insights into Earth’s climate system by reducing its complexities. However, their potential is undermined by the scarcity of fully coupled idealized models with components comparable to contemporary, comprehensive Earth System Models. To fill this gap, we compare and contrast the climates of two idealized planets which build on the Simpler Models initiative of the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Using the fully coupled CESM, the Aqua configuration is ocean-covered except for two polar land caps, and the Ridge configuration has an additional pole-to-pole grid-cell-wide continent. Contrary to most sea surface temperature profiles assumed for atmosphere-only aquaplanet experiments with the thermal maximum on the equator, the coupled Aqua configuration is characterized by a global cold belt of wind-driven equatorial upwelling, analogous to the eastern Pacific cold tongue. The presence of the meridional boundary on Ridge introduces zonal asymmetry in thermal and circulation features, similar to the contrast between western and eastern Pacific. This zonal asymmetry leads to a distinct climate state from Aqua, cooled by ~2{degree sign}C via the radiative feedback of clouds and water vapor. The meridional boundary of Ridge is also crucial for producing a more Earth-like climate state compared to Aqua, including features of atmospheric and ocean circulation, the seasonal cycle of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and the meridional heat transport. The mean climates of these two basic configurations provide a baseline for exploring other idealized ocean geometries, and their application for investigating various features and scale interactions in the coupled climate system.

High-resolution climate models (~28 km grid spacing) can permit realistic simulations of tropical cyclones (TCs), thus enabling their investigation in relation to the climate system. On the global scale, previous works have demonstrated that the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) version 5 presents a reasonable TC climatology under prescribed present-day (1980-2005) forcing. However, for the Western North Pacific (WNP) region, known biases in simulated TC genesis frequency and location under-represent the basin’s dominant share in observation. This study addresses these model biases in WNP by evaluating WNP TCs in a decadal simulation, and exploring potential improvements through nudging experiments. Among the major environmental controls of TC genesis, the lack of mid-level moisture is identified as the leading cause of the deficit in simulated WNP TC genesis over the Pacific Warm Pool. Subsequent seasonal experiments explore the effect of constraining the large-scale environment on TC development by nudging WNP temperature field towards reanalysis at various strengths. Temperature nudging elicits significant response in TC genesis and intensity development, as well as in moisture and convection over the Warm Pool. These responses are sensitive to the choice of nudging timescale. Overall, the nudging experiments demonstrate that improvements in the large-scale environment can lead to improvements in simulated TCs. The verification of the environmental controls for simulated TC genesis suggests future model developments in relation to model physics. The potential improvements will contribute to the understanding of how the mean state of current or future climates may give rise to extremes such as TCs.

Climate models at high resolution (~25 km horizontal grid spacing) can permit realistic simulations of tropical cyclones (TCs), thus promising the investigation of these high-impact extreme events under present and future climates. On the global scale, simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) present a reasonable TC climatology under prescribed present-day (1980-2005) sea surface temperature (SST) and greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. However, for the disaster-prone western North Pacific (WNP) region, biases in TC genesis frequency and location persist across various configurations. The biases under-represent the basin’s share in global TC climatology, complicating the fidelity of future projections. This study addresses these model biases in WNP by evaluating the large-scale environmental controls of TC genesis in CAM5 with two aerosol configurations. Across the two configurations, the lack of mid-level moisture is consistently identified as the leading cause of the deficit in simulated WNP TC genesis. This lack of mid-level moisture in WNP TC main develop region is potentially linked to previously identified deficits in Pacific warm pool precipitation at high horizontal resolution in CAM5, as well as biases in the East Asian Summer Monsoon circulation and moisture transport. Additional CAM5 simulation experiments will explore the effect of moisture nudging on the large-scale environment and subsequent TC genesis, tracks, and intensity development. For a chosen year, simulations covering WNP peak TC season (July - October) under otherwise identical forcing (SST, GHG etc.) will be run with and without nudging the specific humidity field towards MERRA-2 reanalysis. The insight into the biases of basin-scale TC simulation under the present climate and potential improvements will help reduce the uncertainty in future-climate projections, in the interest of disaster risk management.

Tropical cyclones (TCs) are perhaps the most powerful example of air-sea interaction. Although TC-induced energy exchange has been hypothesized to be a signicant agent of ocean heat transport under past and current climates, the margin of uncertainty in both observation and TC-permitting conventional climate models confounds these evaluations. In this study, we introduce a novel approach using simpler climate models, where land geometry is represented by a single strip of pole-to-pole continent, known as the Ridge conguration in previous work. This idealized design is known to represent the large-scale features of atmosphere-ocean general circulation and energy transport, serving to facilitate the physical interpretation of TC-induced energy exchange in the ocean, and its potential role in ocean heat transport. Under the framework of the Community Earth System Model, we congure an idealized, fully coupled Ridge model using Community Atmosphere Model version 4 (CAM4) and Modular Ocean Model version 6 (MOM6) at low horizontal resolutions. After obtaining a quasi-equilibrium climate, we then use the climatological sea surface temperature for forcing a CAM4-only, decadal simulation at TC-permitting resolution. Preliminary results indicate that the formation of a warm pool on the western side of the bounded ocean basin creates a more favorable environment for TC genesis than the cooler eastern side, analogous to observed TC climatology in the Pacic. By comparing ocean-only simulations with and without TCs in the atmospheric forcing, we evaluate the signicance of ocean heat transport attributable to TCs in the idealized atmosphere-ocean climate system. The insights gained through the process- based investigation of TC-induced air-sea interaction in this simpler model framework contribute to an improved understanding of the energetics of TCs, and their role in the climate system.

Tropical modes of variability, including the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) and the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), are challenging to represent in climate models. Previous studies suggest their fundamental dependence on zonal asymmetry, but such dependence is rarely addressed with fully coupled ocean dynamics. This study fills the gap by using fully coupled, idealized Community Earth System Model (CESM) and comparing two nominally ocean-covered configurations with and without a meridional boundary. For the MJO-like intraseasonal mode, its separation from equatorial Kelvin waves and the eastward propagation of its convective and dynamic signals depend on the zonal gradient of the mean state. For the ENSO-like interannual mode, in the absence of the ocean’s meridional boundary, a circum-equatorial dominant mode emerges with distinct ocean dynamics. The interpretation of the dependence of these modes on zonal asymmetry is relevant to their representation in realistic climate models.