The science community’s progression toward Python as a primary programing language, facilitated NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Ground Validation (GV) Program to develop a Python-based radar processing system, GVradar. GVradar consists of two modules: Dual-Polarimetric Quality Control (DPQC) and dual-polarimetric precipitation product generation (dp_products). Both modules take full advantage of the open-source Python Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Radar Toolkit (Py-ART) and Colorado State University’s Radar Tools (CSU Radar Tools). Within DPQC, parameter threshold gate filters are utilized to identify and remove non­-precipitating echoes based on freezing level, beam height, or by user defined sector. Additional DPQC capabilities include unfolding of Differential Phase (Φdp), Specific Differential Phase (Kdp) retrieval, velocity de-aliasing, and application of calibration offsets. Precipitation products generated with CSU Radar Tools include HIDRO Rain Rate (RC) and Hydrometeor Identification (FH). Additional products include GPM-GV’s mass weighted mean diameter (Dm) and normalized intercept parameter (Nw). Dm and Nw retrievals were computed from empirical equations using disdrometer derived Zdr data obtained during GPM field experiments. The recommended method of executing GVradar is to use a user designated parameter dictionary, however the code will run with default settings. The use of a dictionary allows the user to optimize QC thresholds, specify fields to generate, and select output and plotting options. The ability of GVradar to retrieve sounding data from the Rapid Refresh (RAP) model allows DPQC to be applied and dp_products to be generated in near real-time. NASA’s Dual Polarimetric (NPOL) radar is currently using GVradar to display data in near real-time. GPM-GV developed GVradar as a user-friendly open-source radar processing tool that is freely available to the scientific community.

The NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) is the primary Digital Library portal for researchers in Astronomy and Astrophysics. It is also used extensively by the broader community of Space Science Researchers. In addition to the scientific literature, the ADS has for a long time included in its database non-traditional scholarly resources such as research proposals, software packages, and high-level data products, making them discoverable and easily citable. Over the next three years, in response to NASA’s efforts supporting interdisciplinary research across Science Mission Directorate Divisions, the ADS will expand its coverage of Planetary Science and Heliophysics content. During this time, an in-depth analysis of this disciplinary content will provide us with opportunities to improve our coverage of the literature as well as linked research objects such as datasets and software, improving their discoverability and citability. In this presentation I provide an overview of the ADS system, its distinguishing features, and then focus on our efforts to support and promote the goals of Open Science.

Receiver functions, an important tool in understanding sub-surface interfaces, can be analysed through carefully implemented neural networks. We demonstrate this approach. Previously, we introduced our receiver function tool set, Pythonic Global Lithospheric Imaging using Earthquake Recordings (PyGLImER). PyGLImER enables us to: [1] create a database of teleseismic event displacement records at worldwide seismic stations, [2] compute receiver functions from these records, and [3] compute volumetric common conversion point (CCP) stacks from the receiver functions and their conversion points. CCP stacking is a standard tool to image the subsurface using receiver functions. The CCP stacks represent rich but large, three-dimensional volumes of data that contain information about discontinuities in Earth’s crust and upper mantle. One goal of the interpretation of CCPs is the identification of such discontinuities. Automated picking routines reduce discontinuities to singular peaks and troughs, thus discarding the wealth of information available over the whole depth range, such as integrated discontinuity impedance and regional geometry. However, the obvious alternative, manual picking, is not feasible for large data volumes. Here, we explore the possibility of fully-automated segmentation of 3D CCP volumes through the application of image processing routines and machine learning to successive volume cross-sections. With our picking tool, we manually label discontinuities in CCP slices to serve as training and validation sets.We use these labeled datasets as input to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) to perform pixel-wise identifications in subsurface images. When applied to all slices of the CCP stack, the CNN outputs a fully-segmented 3D model, which furnishes quantitative exploration of subsurface discontinuity morphology. Specifically, we can investigate the thickness/width, intensity, and topography of discontinuities across continents. This information has the potential to improve our understanding of, e.g., mantle transition zone phase transitions and, therefore, mantle dynamics.

The reproducibility crisis was sparked five years ago by a Nature survey that revealed most researchers have tried and failed to reproduce another scientist’s experiments (Baker, 2016). Although the severity of the crisis is still being debated, it has spurred researchers to include reproducibility and open science practices in their work. To that end, the Python in Heliophysics Community (PyHC) encourages members of the heliophysics community to create “executable papers,” which are interactive pieces of software that combine text, data, and code to enable readers to reproduce every step taken to arrive at a publication’s conclusions. We describe the development of an executable paper—in this case, one centered around magnetopause boundary crossings in satellite data—our coordination efforts between scientists and software developers, and the current technology that makes this possible. We aim to promote this novel paper format and be an example to the heliophysics community of how scientists and software developers can work together to produce research that is transparent and reproducible.

The National Water Model (NWM) currently requires the post-processing of forecast discharges to produce forecast flood inundation maps (FIM) to support the National Weather Service’s mission of protecting life and property. Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND) is a means of detrending digital elevation models (DEM) by normalizing elevations to the nearest, relevant drainage line (creeks, rivers, etc). It’s worthy of producing high-resolution FIMs at large spatial scales and frequent time steps using reach-averaged synthetic rating curves. However, HAND based FIMs suffer from a known limitation caused by independent catchments that lack the ability to cross catchment boundaries and ridgelines. To counter this constraint, a version of HAND known as Generalized Mainstems (GMS) is proposed that reduces the Horton-Strahler stream order of the stream network. To demonstrate skill enhancement, we constructed HAND derived at three different stream resolutions including the NWM full resolution (FR), the NWM mainstems (MS) resolution, and the NWM GMS resolution stream networks. The FR stream network contains all NWM forecast locations and the MS resolution stream network contains all river segments at or downstream of NWS river forecast points. GMS contains all segments within the FR stream resolution but instead of deriving HAND by accounting for all river segments at once, it is derived independently at the level path (LP) scale. LPs are unique identifiers propagated upstream from a sub-basin’s outlet along the direction of maximum flow distance and repeated recursively until all segments are assigned LP identifiers. These serve as processing units for HAND dataset production and FIMs are made at the LP scale. These FIMs are then mosaiced together, effectively turning the stream network into discrete groups of homogenous unit stream order by removing the influence of neighboring tributaries. Improvement in mapping skill on the order of 2% points of Critical Success Index for MS and 2% points more for GMS is demonstrated by comparing to HEC-RAS FIMs. Additionally, both Probability of Detection and False Alarm Ratio improve which can be partly explained by a positive correlation of stream order with river stage at fixed discharge values within the synthetic rating curves produced by HAND.

Accurate photoionization rates are vital for the study and understanding of ionospheres and may account for the discrepancy in electron densities and mismatched altitude profiles of current E-region models. The underestimation of electron density profiles could be mitigated by high-resolution cross sections that preserve autoionization lines which allow solar photons to leak through to lower altitudes. We present new ionization rates calculated with high-resolution (0.001 nm) O and N2 photoionization and electron impact cross sections, and a high-resolution solar spectrum as inputs to CPI’s Atmospheric Ultraviolet Radiance Integrated Code [AURIC, Strickland et al., 1999]. The new electron impact cross sections show little structure and have minimal effect on calculations of ionization rates. Results from AURIC with updated O and N2 cross sections indicate increased production rates up to ~40% in the E-region, specifically between 100–115 km. Likewise, production rates determined using the ionospheric photoionization rate code from Meier et al. [2007] also illustrate an increase in the O and N2 production rates (typically of more than 10%) when using the newly calculated cross sections. Additionally, we find that O and N2 dominate the volume production rates above 130 km while O2 is expected to be the main contributor from 95–130 km. AURIC model results that use the default data and model results with the new O and N2 cross sections both track very well with electron density profiles determined from Arecibo ISR observations. AURIC model results using the new cross section calculations are in better agreement with Arecibo observations at higher altitudes. Our current findings indicate that O2 plays a dominant role in photoionization production rates in the E-region. Therefore it is crucial to update ab initio ionospheric models with high-resolution photoionization cross sections.

UNAVCO and IRIS, major repositories for global geodetic and seismic data, are in the process of joining their operations to form a unified facility for supporting the broad spectrum of geophysical observations and science required to help understand and predict the behavior of Earth Systems. This process would be complicated in a static data management environment, but both repositories are also migrating archives and services to the cloud as part of the merger. To simplify and unify archive data management, the organizations are collaborating to create common data and metadata models for observations from a wide variety of instruments and disciplines. For data, the initial focus has been on the xArray data model, already used in the geodetic and magnetotelluric communities, which can be implemented with several disc- and cloud-native approaches (HDF5, netCDF4, and Zarr). For metadata, the SensorML Standard developed by the Open Geospatial Consortium is being explored because 1) SensorML accommodates the large parameter space associated with instrument metadata required to use and trust complex observations and 2) the ability to extend the standard when required. The merger of two large repositories combined with migration to the cloud requires careful identification and on-going testing of a wide variety of assumptions about data management systems. This presentation will focus on lessons learned so far.

Watersheds serve as natural spatial boundaries whose characteristics are often indicators of the hydrologic processes within them. Watershed characteristics are frequently used as predictors, parameters, or proxies in models of hydrologic and ecologic dynamics. Developments in DEMs over the past decade have resulted in elevation data spanning the globe that allows watershed delineation at arbitrary locations. In tandem, satellite-based observations and large-scale modeling efforts provide many sources of near-global watershed characteristics, e.g. topography, soil types, vegetation, climate, permafrost extent, and many more. However, with growing data availability comes a growing need for tools that can rapidly query and summarize them. We developed River and Basin Profiler (RaBPro), a Python module providing a pipeline to delineate drainage basins for any point on Earth and calculate watershed statistics for practically any geospatial raster dataset. RaBPro makes use of the MERIT-Hydro or HydroBASINS datasets to define watershed polygons, which can be exported in GeoJSON or ESRI shapefile format for further use in GIS software. RaBPro will also generate streamlines and river elevation profiles. Finally, RaBPro calculates statistics over delineated basins using Google Earth Engine (GEE). By taking advantage of GEE’s vast dataset archive and distributed computing system, RaBPro can quickly compute many statistics over even very large basins efficiently and without the need for storing large geo-rasters locally. Additionally, users may upload their own datasets to GEE and create custom statistic functions.

The Ross Ice Shelf (RIS) has long obscured the structure of the extended crust of the southern Ross Embayment. Here, we use airborne magnetics data from the ROSETTA-Ice project to estimate the depth to crystalline basement and sediment thickness beneath the RIS. We estimate the depth to the top of the magnetic crust, using a Werner deconvolution in a 2-D moving window applied to aeromagnetic data at 10 km line spacing. The result is then filtered, clustered, and gridded solutions to achieve a continuous basement surface. This method was tuned with seismic acoustic basement in the Ross Sea and magnetic basement determined from Operation Ice Bridge flight line data over both the Ross Sea and the RIS. Sub-RIS sediment thickness was then calculated relative to bathymetry. Shallow basement and thin sediments beneath the RIS define two major basement highs. A throughgoing, wide basement high is located midway across the RIS, and appears to form a southward continuation of the Ross Sea’s Central High. The other prominent basement feature underlies Roosevelt Island, with a continuation SE to the grounding zone. An elongate basin between the two highs deepens southward, reaching its greatest depth beneath Siple Dome. A deep oval basin flanks Crary Ice Rise. Both basins contain >2 km sediment. Bordering the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM) there is a deeper and broader basement basin that contains a narrow, linear, NW trending basement ridge. The magnetic basement is shallower toward Marie Byrd Land and deeper near the TAM/East Antarctica, consistent with contrasts in magnetic and gravity signatures of the crust on either side of the mid-RIS high. The trend of basement highs and basins parallel to the central TAM front suggests that the basement relief ≥2 km is structurally controlled, and is a product of regional extension. Basin sediments may be a source of deformable subglacial bed conditions for grounded ice, and basin flanking faults may control geothermal flux and subglacial water transport. These considerations have a bearing on sub-RIS boundary conditions that are important for cryosphere-ocean numerical modelling frameworks. Our work extends the current knowledge of sub-RIS sediment distribution, continental rifting orientations and the likely locations of basin flanking faults.

Marine sediments contain considerable amounts and different types of magnetic mineral particles. Magnetic minerals in sediments may be statistically aligned to the direction of the ambient geomagnetic field so that sediments potentially preserve geomagnetic intensity records in the past. However, different types of magnetic minerals should preserve the remanent magnetization in different manners. And the compositional variation of magnetic mineral assemblages in marine sediments may hinder us from extracting reliable geomagnetic paleointensity records. We studied a sediment core taken from the Ontong-Java plateau, from which relative paleointensity (RPI) variations were estimated. The magnetic mineral assemblages of the sediment core are principally a two-component mixture of terrigenous and biogenic magnetite. So it provides an opportunity to assess the influence that compositional variations in marine sediments could bring to RPI estimations and thus to distinguish different contributions of the biogenic and terrigenous components to RPI recording in marine sediments. RPI obtained by normalizing natural remanent magnetization (NRM) with anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) shows downcore decreases, and it has an inverse correlation with the ratio of ARM susceptibility (kARM) to saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) (kARM/SIRM). This indicates that the RPI signal becomes apparently weaker with increasing proportion of biogenic magnetite. Moreover, NRM-ARM demagnetization diagrams show concave-down curvature, which indicates that the coercivity distributions of NRM and ARM are different. If we assume that the magnetization of the higher coercivity interval is mainly carried by biogenic magnetite while that of the lower coercivity interval is mainly carried by the terrigenous component, RPI recording efficiency of the biogenic component may be lower than that of the terrigenous component. The validity of this assumption was investigated by first-order reversal curve (FORC) measurements, transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations, low-temperature measurements, and extraction of silicate-hosted magnetic inclusion from the sediments, and the results proved that NRM of the higher coercivity interval is carried mainly by biogenic magnetite. But our conclusion contradicts with some previous studies using a similar method, which suggested higher RPI recording efficiency of the biogenic magnetic component than the terrigenous component [Ouyang et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2017]. Different concentrations of silicate-hosted magnetic inclusions due to different sedimentary environments might be a possible reason for the contradiction. The contribution of silicate-hosted magnetic inclusions to the magnetization is minor in our sediments (less than ~7% of SIRM). This contradiction remains to be studied further. Keywords: geomagnetic paleointensity, silicate-hosted magnetic mineral inclusion, biogenic magnetite, Ontong-Java plateau

The Indian subcontinent is one of the hotspots of deadly heat stress. Several attribution studies have shown increasing trends in heatwaves and its linkage with dry spells over South Asia. However, very few studies have investigated concurrent or successive (lagged d-day) occurrence of humid heat stress (high temperature compounded by humidity) and precipitation extremes within a short time window. Using gauge-based observation records of the last five decades, we have analyzed the concurrence of extreme wet bulb temperature, Tw and peak rain events in 9 urban locations of India, distributed over climatologically heterogeneous regions. We find a larger fraction of the population is exposed to a significant increase (more than 1% and up to 2.5%/decade) in mean and extreme Tw (around 1%/decade) in several sites than solely accounting dry-bulb temperature trends. This prompted us to analyze the compound hazard associated with storm events preceded by extreme Tw (assessed through ≥ 95 – 98.5th percentile exceedances and annual maxima series) up to a week of occurrence of the event. Considering synchronicity between two drivers (extreme Tw and peak rain), we demonstrate cities located across the western half of the country showed positive dependence, whereas those located over the eastern half show negative dependence. While negative correlation suggests the concurrence of dry and hot episodes, the positive correlation suggests robust amplification in precipitation extremes. This is confirmed by the large upper tail distributions of peak rain events during the core monsoon season (June – September) to locations showing positive dependence. Based on extreme Tw-precipitation sensitivity, we propose compound heat stress – rain-induced flood hazard model for densely populated areas. Understanding drivers of peak runoff responses would benefit risk management, insurance, and flash flood forecast, devising flood resilience under climate change.

Coastal wetlands are intertidal ecosystems based on a delicate balance between hydrodynamic, morphological, and biological processes. Increasing rates of relative sea-level rise, sediment starvation and anthropogenic pressure challenge the existence of wetlands and the ecosystem services they support, extending to water quality enhancement, carbon sequestration, and shoreline protection. Therefore, to preserve coastal wetlands and their ecosystem services, it is of utmost importance to understand sedimentation processes that drive salt-marsh vertical accretion and offset the effects of relative sea-level rise. Tidal flooding propagating via the channel and creek system is considered to be the main mechanism controlling marsh sediment supply. However, storm-induced resuspension associated with enhanced water level can importantly affect the marsh sediment budget, sustaining sedimentation on the marsh surface and signing its topography, which, in turn, affects transport processes. To better understand how tides and storm surges affect spatial and temporal sedimentation patterns in salt marshes, we investigated short-term sedimentation processes through field observation in the salt marshes of the Venice Lagoon, Italy. Sediment accumulation measurements carried out continuously from October 2018 to July 2021 in four different marshes reveal that storm-driven sediment supply accounts on average for 70% of the total yearly sedimentation, despite the brief duration of storm events. On marshes bordering channels, sediment mostly accumulates close to the marsh margin and sedimentation rapidly decreases with the distance from the marsh edge, contributing to form a levee-shaped profile. Conversely, on marshes facing tidal flats, where the action of wind waves is stronger, maximum sedimentation shows an inland displacement, creating a gently sloped, ramped transition at the marsh margin. We conclude that storm surges importantly support marsh sediment accumulation and change the spatial depositional patterns, which largely define the marsh topographic profile.

The Rolling Deck to Repository (R2R; www.rvdata.us) program is entering its second decade of managing underway data from US-operated academic research vessels to ensure preservation of, and access to, these national oceanographic research assets. Reflecting on the move from decentralized data submission by chief scientists to an operational centralized facility has brought insights that may inform other communities with distributed networks of data acquisition providers with diverse practices and resources. 4,000 cruises and 100+TB of data later, here are lessons R2R has learned. - Managing data via a central aggregating system where both curation and domain data expertise can be optimally leveraged promotes more complete and efficient data preservation. - Identifying key organizing elements for the data, and implementing persistent identifiers and metadata for those elements, facilitates management and usability. R2R developed authoritative DOIs and standard metadata for cruises to organize R2R data for discoverability and access, and facilitate reciprocal linking to related data in external repositories. When data submissions from diverse providers are heterogeneous, standardizing data at ingest supports data aggregation and synthesis that promote broad data re-use. - Providing tools and expertise to assist with standardization, such as recommended data structures and best practice guidance for data acquisition, reduces heterogenoeus practices over time even when compliance is voluntary. - Developing organized and persistent communication mechanisms with all main stakeholders is central to success. R2R has annual community-level meetings, as well as more frequent individual interactions, with vessel operators/technicians, the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information staff, and oceanographic research scientists. These communications have been critical to informing high level priorities, overall approaches, and specific technical details and decisions.

Climate emergency and exponential population growth threaten urban water security in cities worldwide. In the UK, London aims to build more than half a million households over the next 10 years to cope with a growing demand for housing. These new urban developments will significantly increase the consumer water demand, urban flood risk, and river water pollution levels; therefore, a sustainable approach to development is urgently required. Urban Water Neutrality (WN) has emerged as a concept to frame these concerns about rising water stresses in cities. We adapt the definition of WN as a design process aimed to first minimise the impact of every new development and then offset any remaining stresses with interventions external to the development, so the current overall impact levels are not increased after the project completion. Despite several studies related to WN, little evidence is available on how urban water neutrality might be achieved to tackle predicted pressures at city scale. In this work, we present a novel urban design and evaluation module called CityPlan. It integrates spatial data with an integrated urban water management model, enabling urban design at systems level and delivering a new index that assesses possible future scenarios. Urban form properties and urban water security indicators are improved with design options that deliver different scores of the Water Neutrality Index (WNI). The results from the WNI indicate the potential of a particular urban design scenario to achieve water neutrality and how multiple interventions should be combined at city scale. In London, CityPlan’s results suggest that it will be necessary to retrofit almost the same number of existing homes with WN design options outside the planned development areas to completely offset the forthcoming water stresses. CityPlan provides a clear vision of how water neutrality can be achieved for urban water systems and is a powerful tool for urban planners and other stakeholders to effectively promote new policies and drive sustainable development. Moreover, it provides a framework to contextualise water neutrality and its key role in urban water security.

Arctic sea ice has substantially changed over the past four decades, with a large decrease in sea-ice area and volume. The exact causes of these changes are not entirely known. In our study, we make use of the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute Large Ensemble (SMHI-LENS). This ensemble consists of 50 members realized with the EC-Earth3 global climate model and covers the period 1970-2100. We apply the Liang-Kleeman information flow method to analyze the cause-effect relationships between Arctic sea ice and its potential drivers. We show that recent and future changes in Arctic sea ice are mainly driven by air and sea-surface temperatures and ocean heat transport. Conversely, changes in Arctic sea ice also considerably impact temperature and ocean heat transport. Finally, we find a progressive decrease in the influence of sea-ice area and volume on air temperature and ocean heat transport through the twenty-first century.

Lahars, or volcanic mudflows, are one of the most devastating natural, volcanic hazards. We present an analysis of several rain-triggered lahar events at Volcán Fuego in Guatemala with an infrasound array and time-lapse camera network deployed along the Las Lajas river channel. While infrasound detects the passage of low frequency sound waves associated with these mudflows, the time-lapse cameras can be used to verify lahar passages and channel responses as these flows move downstream. Twenty-three infrasound microphones and five time-lapse cameras were deployed during the 2021 rainy season (May-October) in the Las Lajas drainage on the southeasterly side of Volcán de Fuego. With the data collected over this field campaign, we hope to quantify flow parameters such as volumes, velocities, and the frequency of these rain-triggered mudflows, as well as characterize flow behaviors in our infrasound signals by correlating data to the time-lapse imagery. This study allows us to identify the occurrence of several lahars, quantify important characteristics, and use a multi-faceted approach to verify and delineate important flow behaviors related to these volcanic hazards.

OpenET is a software system that makes satellite-based multi-model estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) accessible at multiple spatial and temporal scales over the U.S. Large-scale ET estimates fill a critical data-gap for irrigation management, water resources management, and hydrological modeling and research. We present the methods and results of the second phase of an intercomparison and accuracy assessment between OpenET satellite-based models (ALEXI/DisALEXI, eeMETRIC, PT-JPL, geeSEBAL, SIMS and SSEBop) and a benchmark ground-based ET dataset with data from nearly 200 eddy covariance towers across the contiguous U.S. Processing steps for the benchmark dataset included gap-filling, energy balance closure correction, calculation of closed and unclosed daily ET, and multiple levels of data QA/QC. The dataset was split into three groups, phase I and II of the intercomparison and a reserve dataset for future studies. To sample satellite-based ET pixels, static flux footprints were generated at each station based on dominant wind speed and direction. Where data allowed, two dimensional flux footprints that are weighted by hourly ETo were developed and used for ET pixel sampling. A wide range of visual and statistical comparisons between satellite and ground-based ET were conducted at each station and against stations grouped by land cover type. Based on key performance metrics including bias, coefficient of determination, and root mean square error, model results show promising agreement at many flux sites considering the inherent uncertainty in station data. Remote sensing models show the highest agreement with closed station ET in irrigated annual cropland settings whereas locations of native vegetation with high aridity and some forested stations show relatively less agreement. The benchmark ET dataset was used to explore different approaches to computing a single ensemble estimate from the six model ensemble, with the goal of reducing the influence of model outliers and selection of weighting and data sampling schemes to reduce the influence of flux stations with sparse or extensive data records. We present the results from the model intercomparison and accuracy assessment and discuss model performance relative to accuracy requirements from the OpenET user community.

Abstract The repetitive narrative that, “Tsunami waves and receded coastal water initiated by an earthquake are closely related,” is analyzed through the sequential events that followed the earthquake; a mechanism based on the interaction of receded water with magma is suggested to explain the amplification of Tsunami wave deep beneath the ocean floor (Fig.1), where earthquake occurred under the seabed’s or in coastline; the mechanism explained how the water is amplified into steam in the magma chamber, as its volume increased 1,700 times, the transformed water encompass the tremendous force that uplifted the ocean water endowed it with such destructive force; the mechanism explained characteristics related to Tsunami wave, including relation with earthquake and volcano, receding costal water, the foams, inundation, runup, the nature of the great force of Tsunami, ideas to calculate the magnitude of Tsunami force and energy, volume of receded water, volume of tsunami wave, the repetition of its wave; these and related issues are stated; the idea is derived based on the continual flow of lava from earth’s interior and the existence of magma reservoir bellow earth’s surface in places like Yellowstone in USA and hotspot beneath Hawaii, such magma chamber when existed under seabed, if opened by crack during earthquake, can easily lead to an interaction between receded water and the magma, resulted in the suggested mechanism, all is based on logical analyses and deep thinking to attained the Tsunami Mechanism in response to 2004 and 2011 human tragedies; thus understanding this mechanism will help laying measures to counter the phenomenon, which will reflect positively in saving lives and mitigate its destructive force and reduce consequences of its impact on local societies and above all to understand its true mechanism.