The intermontane Tarom Basin of NW Iran (Arabia-Eurasia collision zone) is located at the transition between the Iranian Plateau (IP) to the SW and the Alborz Mountains to the NE. This basin was filled by Late Cenozoic synorogenic red beds that retain first-order information on the erosional history of adjacent topography, the vertical growth of the plateau margin and its lateral (orogen perpendicular) expansion. Here, we perform a multidisciplinary study including magnetostratigraphy, sedimentology, geochronology and sandstone petrography on these red beds. Our data show that widespread Eocene arc volcanism in NW Iran terminated at ~ 38-36 Ma, while intrabasinal synorogenic sedimentation occurred between ~ 16.5 and < 7.6 Ma, implying that the red beds are stratigraphically equivalent to the Upper Red Formation. After 7.6 Ma, the basin experienced intrabasinal deformation, uplift and erosion in association with the establishment of external drainage. Fluvial connectivity with the Caspian Sea, however, was interrupted by at least four episodes of basin aggradation. During endorheic conditions the basin fill did not reach the elevation of the plateau interior and hence the Tarom Basin was never integrated into the plateau realm. Furthermore, our provenance data indicate that the northern margin of the basin experienced a greater magnitude of deformation and exhumation than the southern one (IP margin). This agrees with recent Moho depth estimates, suggesting that crustal shortening and thickening cannot be responsible for the vertical growth of the northern margin of the IP, and hence surface uplift must have been driven by deep-seated processes.

Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) makes up a large fraction of organic carbon, which attracted great attention due to its light absorption properties and human health effects. Sources and light absorption properties of WSOC in 10 cities across China were studied by dual carbon isotope analysis and UV−visible spectrophotometer, respectively. Despite the dominate contribution of non-fossil sources, the fossil sources contribution of WSOC in China was higher than other regions across the world. The average MAE365 and fossil sources contribution of WSOC was 1.13 ± 0.37 m2/gC and 39.9 ± 9.4%, both of which were higher in Northern China. The non-fossil sources contribution of WSOC and MAE365, WSOC exhibited significant seasonal variations with highest values during cold seasons, which was likely associated with corn residues burning. Compared to warm seasons, the MAE365, WSOC showed a positive relationship with relative contribution of fossil sources and with higher values during cold seasons, indicating the fossil derived WSOC had higher light absorption capacity and enhance the overall color of WSOC during cold seasons. To constraining the regional climate and health impact of WSOC, this study suggests that mitigation strategy should consider the spatiotemporal variations in the sources, formation pathways and light absorption properties of WSOC.

A sustained dipolar magnetic field between the current sheet outer edge and the magnetopause, known as a cushion region, has yet to be observed at Saturn. Whilst some signatures of reconnection occurring in the dayside magnetodisc have been identified, the presence of this large-scale structure has not been seen. Using the complete Cassini magnetometer data, the first evidence of a cushion region forming at Saturn is shown. Only five potential examples of a sustained cushion are found, revealing this phenomenon to be rare. This feature more commonly occurs at dusk compared to dawn, where it is found at Jupiter. It is suggested that due to greater heating and expansion of the field through the afternoon sector the disc is more unstable in this region. We show that magnetodisc breakdown is more likely to occur within the magnetosphere of Jupiter compared to Saturn.

Journals, funding agencies, and researchers are more frequently expecting manuscripts to include links to shared research data. Effective data sharing requires that data be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR), and is thus predicated on establishing a common understanding on how to communicate: data exchange standards, common data formats, controlled vocabularies, and a communal data repository. When conducting research, we still communicate in shorthand that is effective for everyone on the team who understands our context, but is lost when data is shared in the absence of that context. “Water temperature” means only one thing to my research team, yet can mean dozens of things outside of that context. Data sharing is thus an exercise in sharing not just the data, which is typically readily available, but also the context of that data, which requires additional effort. This effort is one of the barriers to sharing data. We’ll describe an alternative model for accepting data to a repository: the immediate ingestion of data regardless of its metadata quality, then behavioural nudges and crowd-sourcing features that ensure this data meets appropriate standards prior to publication. We’ll show a work-in-progress prototype software tool that supports this alternative model, capable of accepting and standardizing a research data set to use CF conventions and ISO 8601 dates.

10 Magnetospheric coherent structures related to the dynamics of the dayside 11 magnetopause frontier for a northward IMF configuration, are analyzed using global 3D 12 MHD simulations. The main goal is to reach a synthetic scenario on the formation of 13 3D unstable/stable structures developed in different steps from the dayside to the night 14 side. They are: (i) the transverse Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) vortexes are generated along 15 and outside the magnetopause near the dayside region, while other K-H vortexes are 16 generated along and inside the magnetopause; (ii) both rows of vortexes are shed off 17 soon from the magnetopause; (iii) these vortexes are unstable in one each row, adjust, 18 and evolve into a marginal stable Kármán vortex street; (iv) these Kármán vortexes 19 soon are reformed into stable longitudinal (stream-wise) coherent vortexes and survive 20 for long time over large distances x~-130 to 140Re in the magnetotail. All these 21 processes lead to the formation of magnetospheric coherent structures. 22 23

This study examines the implications of Tropical Montane Forests (TMFs) loss on orographic precipitation in the Eastern slopes of the Andes (EADS). The focus is on moist processes for synoptic regimes associated with significant EADS precipitation: 1) monsoon rainfall for weak and strong South America Low-Level Jet (LLJ) conditions, and 2) heavy rainfall associated with cold air intrusions (CAI) in the dry season. High-resolution simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were conducted for realistic and modified land-cover resulting from the conversion of TMFs to savannah. The deforestation scenarios result in 50-100% decrease (up to ~ 400 J kg-1) in Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) spatially organized by land-cover change along the EADS. Analysis of the differences in simulated frequency distributions of rainfall intensity show robust daytime increases in light rainfall (less than 2 mm hr-1) and decreases in moderate rainfall rates (2-10 mm hr-1) in the altitudinal band 500-2,000 m where orographic enhancement is dominant. Whereas there are negligible changes in the spatial patterns of precipitation and hydrologic response for monsoon conditions, rainfall accumulations decrease for all cases, and the precipitation maxima shift downslope into the Amazon lowlands. Changes in rainfall amount and intensity result in runoff decreases of 5-10% at the event-scale for the CAI case. Sensitivity simulations for lower initial soil moisture conditions indicate a strong positive feedback of forest loss to hydrologic drought along the EADS foothills in the austral spring when CAIs play a key role in the tropical EADS dry season hydrometeorology.

The secondary activation of aerosols impacts the life cycle of a cloud. A detailed understanding is necessary for reliable climate prediction. Recent laboratory experiments demonstrate that aerosols can be activated in the wake of precipitating hydrometeors. However, many quantitative aspects of this wake-induced activation remain unclear. Here, we report a detailed numerical investigation of the activation potential of wake-induced supersaturation. By Lagrangian tracking of aerosols we show that a significant fraction of aerosols are activated in the supersaturated wake. These ‘lucky aerosols’ are entrained in the wake’s vortices and reside in the supersaturated environment sufficiently long to be activated. Our analyses show that wake-induced activation can contribute at a level similar to other well known secondary production processes.

Our prior analysis of a coupled tropical cyclone (TC) air-sea model (HWRF-B) revealed three cases in the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season where coastal downwelling - developing ahead of a TC - contributed to the intensification of each TC as it approached landfall. Coastal downwelling is a specific oceanographic mechanism: we briefly consider other mechanisms potentially contributing to this “shelf effect”, including coastal trapped waves and near-surface advection. We then present preliminary results from a further analysis of HWRF-B forecasts from the 2017-2020 Atlantic and east Pacific hurricane seasons, evaluating the prevalence of the shelf effect for TCs interacting with continental and insular coasts in these two ocean basins. We explore mechanisms linking shelf SST sustenance with inner core convective development and storm intensification, using both a detailed energy budget and Lagrangian tracking experiments within the boundary layers of case study storms. Finally, we briefly discuss the implications these findings hold for evaluating new coupled TC forecast modeling systems currently being developed as a part of the Hurricane Forecast Improvement Program (HFIP).

Our conventional SETI endeavors have focused on detecting artificial signs with communication techniques that are in everyday use in our present state of technical culture. These include the use of electromagnetic waves, i.e. radio, laser, and visible light communication techniques. What would be the most extreme (on a planetary scale) ways of showing one’s existence over the vast distances and hiding structures (i.e. interstellar clouds, star clusters etc.)? Could ETI use e.g. neutrino transmission, or high energy peaks to overcome the difficulties the conventional techniques have? This paper will review some of the extreme, but feasible channels that could be incorporate into SETI from advanced particle and astrophysics.

We conducted field work in South San Francisco Bay to examine cohesive sediment flocculation dynamics in a shallow, wave- and current-driven estuarine environment. Drawing on data collected using a suite of acoustic and optical instrumentation over three distinct seasons, we found that the factors driving floc size variability differed substantially when comparing locally-sourced sediment (i.e., through wave-driven resuspension) to suspended sediment advected from upstream. Statistical analysis of our extensive field data revealed additional seasonal variability in these trends, with wave stress promoting floc breakup during the summer and winter months, and biological processes encouraging floc growth during the spring productive period. Combining these data with fractal dimension estimates, we found that seasonally-varying floc composition can lead to differences in floc settling velocity by a factor of approximately two to five for a given floc size. Finally, by analyzing co-located turbulence and sediment flux measurements from the bottom boundary layer, we present evidence that the relationship between floc size and the inverse turbulent Schmidt number varies with floc structure. These results can be used to inform sediment transport modeling parameterizations in estuarine environments.

Understanding how streamflow and its components, baseflow and quickflow, vary spatially according to climate and landscape characteristics is fundamental for dealing with different water-related issues. Analytical formulations have been proposed to investigate their long-term behavior and additional influencing factors, suggesting that they are mainly controlled by the aridity index ( Φ). Nevertheless, these studies assume the catchment as a closed water balance system, neglecting inter-catchment groundwater flow (IGF). This simplification makes the analysis of the long-term streamflow components and their main control mechanisms challenging, given that many catchments cannot be considered as closed hydraulic entities. Here, we assessed the controls of the mean-annual streamflow components and their behavior under an open water balance assumption, using observed data of 731 Brazilian catchments with diverse hydroclimatic conditions. Our results indicate that indeed streamflow components are primarily controlled by at the mean annual timescale. The consideration of an open water-balance significantly improved the performance of the functional forms to describe streamflow components while also elucidating the assessment of other influencing factors on the streamflow behavior. Land cover, groundwater, climate seasonality and topographic attributes appeared as the main control mechanisms beyond aridity. Overall, our study provides new insights of the main control mechanism of the streamflow behavior at the mean-annual scale, while shedding light on the importance of the open water-balance assumption for model development and water resources management.

Meteorological research satellites on polar orbits observe occasionally the Moon, when it moves through their deep space view. Over the last few decades, a large data set built up, which allows to determine the lunar flux with unprecedented accuracy especially at wavelengths, for which the Earth’s atmosphere is opaque. We determined the disk-integrated brightness temperature of the Moon at 19 wavelengths between 4 and 15 µm and at five frequencies between 89 and 190 GHz for phase angles between -80° and +70° with HIRS, AMSU-B, MHS, and ATMS on NOAA and MetOp satellites

Understanding future land-use related water demand is important for planners and resource managers in identifying potential shortages and crafting mitigation strategies. This is especially the case for regions dependent on limited local groundwater supplies. For the groundwater dependent Central Coast of California, we developed two scenarios of future land use and water demand based on sampling from a historic land change record: a business-as-usual scenario (BAU; 1992–2016) and a recent-modern scenario (RM; 2002–2016). We modeled the scenarios in the stochastic, empirically based, spatially explicit LUCAS state-and-transition simulation model at a high resolution (270-m) for the years 2001-2100 across 10 Monte Carlo simulations, applying current land zoning restrictions. Under the BAU scenario, regional water demand increased by an estimated ~ 222.7 Mm by 2100, driven by the continuation of perennial cropland expansion as well as higher than modern urbanization rates. Since 2000, mandates have been in place restricting new development unless adequate water resources could be identified. Despite these restrictions, water demand dramatically increased in the RM scenario by 310.6 Mm by century’s end, driven by the projected continuation of dramatic orchard and vineyard expansion trends. Overall, increased perennial cropland leads to a near doubling to tripling perennial water demand by 2100. Our scenario projections can provide water managers and policy makers with information on diverging land use and water use futures based on observed land change and water use trends, helping better inform land and resource management decisions.

We present novel in-field vegetation fire observations, and the analyses used to process the data, using brightness temperatures recorded by longwave infrared camera and thermal image velocimetry. The brightness temperatures from a wind-driven stubble wheat fire were obtained in video format with a 60 frames per second (fps) acquisition rate. Multi-level sonic anemometers mounted on a 10m in-fire tower were used for in-situ measurements of turbulent velocity and air temperatures, while fuel level air and flame temperatures were collected by an array of thermocouples. The camera’s image pixel resolution was adequate to resolve dynamics and in accordance with the in-fire thermocouple spacing distances. The in-situ and remotely measured flaming zone dynamics were derived using two different methodologies, Thermal Image Velocimetry (TIV) and Image Segmentation (IS). The results highlight spatial and spectral information of coherent turbulent and mean velocity structures. The power spectra decomposition of the thermal image velocimetry showed similar spectral characteristics to the sonic velocity measurements during the fire passage under the tower with a similar inertial subrange slope. This result reveals plausible evidence of interaction between the flaming zone and wind turbulence for a prescribed rapidly moving stubble wheat fire. This research presents a new field measurement methodology for understanding fire-atmospheric interactions between the flaming zone and the immediate overlying atmospheric turbulent boundary layer.

Mars present-day middle and upper atmosphere, above ~100 km, connects the deep atmosphere to the Martian space environment. This region is important to understand for many reasons, including for more general insights into the evolution of atmospheres, as a comparison to other planetary atmospheres, and for current and future mission development and interpretation. The middle/upper atmosphere is greatly influenced by the physics of the lower atmosphere (water cycle, dust cycle, waves, etc.) and the solar environment (solar magnetic activity, solar events). It contains the upper branch of the overturning meridional circulation and the transitional point of the main heating source from near-IR to UV radiation. These influences feed on a primitive property of an atmosphere: temperature. This work will break down the radiative processes that drive the Martian’s thermal structure above ~100 km as a function of latitude and season. We demonstrate the on-going work on extending the NASA Ames Mars Global Climate Model (MGCM), now using the NOAA/GFDL FV3 dynamical core. The MGCM nominally extends from the surface up to ~80 km but new physics packages will extend the MGCM’s vertical domain up to ~250 km. We present the heating and cooling mechanisms that dominate this atmospheric region, discuss the parametrizations used, the state of the seasonal/diurnal thermal structure, and finally, we discuss the work in progress for the development and implementation of physics schemes in our model.

The IPCC’s scientific assessment of the timing of net-zero emissions and 2030 emission reduction targets consistent with limiting warming to 1.5C or 2C rests on large scenario databases. Updates to this assessment, such as between the IPCC’s Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5C (SR1.5) of warming and the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6), are the result of intertwined, sometimes opaque, factors. Here we isolate one factor: the Earth System Model emulators used to estimate the global warming implications of scenarios. We show that warming projections using AR6-calibrated emulators are consistent, to within around 0.1C, with projections made by the emulators used in SR1.5. The consistency is due to two almost compensating changes: the increase in assessed historical warming between the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and AR6, and a reduction in projected warming due to improved agreement between the emulators’ response to emissions and the underlying assessment.

Within the AtMoDat project (Atmospheric Model Data, www.atmodat.de), a standard has been developed which is meant for improving the FAIRness of atmospheric model data published in repositories. Atmospheric model data form the basis to understand and predict natural events, including atmospheric circulation, local air quality patterns, and the planetary energy budget. Such data should be made available for evaluation and reuse by scientists, the public sector, and relevant stakeholders. Atmospheric modeling is ahead of other fields in many regards towards FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable, see e.g. Wilkinson et al. (2016, doi:10.1101/418376)) data: many models write their output directly into netCDF or file formats that can be converted into netCDF. NetCDF is a non-proprietary, binary, and self-describing format, ensuring interoperability and facilitating reusability. Nevertheless, consistent human- and machine-readable standards for discipline-specific metadata are also necessary. While standardisation of file structure and metadata (e.g. the Climate and Forecast Conventions) is well established for some subdomains of the earth system modeling community (e.g. the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Juckes et al. (2020, https:doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-201-2020)), other subdomains are still lacking such standardisation. For example, standardisation is not well advanced for obstacle-resolving atmospheric models (e.g. for urban-scale modeling). The ATMODAT standard, which will be presented here, includes concrete recommendations related to the maturity, publication, and enhanced FAIRness of atmospheric model data. The suggestions include requirements for rich metadata with controlled vocabularies, structured landing pages, file formats (netCDF), and the structure within files. Human- and machine-readable landing pages are a core element of this standard and should hold and present discipline-specific metadata on simulation and variable level.

The concept of “technosignatures” has been defined within the encompassing endeavor of searching for life beyond Earth as “evidence of some technology that modifies its environment in ways that are detectable”. This poster proposes the application of insights from the study of anticipation to the Search for Technosignatures, in order to proactively facilitate the development of this scientific field. Anticipation is the third level of Futures Studies that has been described as “a process through which the present is transformed, intervened in and ultimately governed in the name of the future”. This poster presents two ways in which the study of Anticipation in the Search for Technosignatures could be beneficial to its course.