Discretized numerical models of the atmosphere are usually intended to faithfully represent an underlying set of continuous equations, but this necessary condition is violated sometimes by subtle pathologies that have crept into the discretized equations. Such pathologies can introduce undesirable artifacts, such as sawtooth noise, into the model solutions. The presence of these pathologies can be detected by numerical convergence testing. This study employs convergence testing to verify the discretization of the Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB) model of clouds and turbulence. That convergence testing identifies two aspects of CLUBB’s equation set that contribute to undesirable noise in the solutions. First, numerical limiters (i.e. clipping) used by CLUBB introduce discontinuities or slope discontinuities in model fields. Second, this noise can be amplified by an advective term in CLUBB’s background diffusion. Smoothing the limiters and removing the advective component of the background diffusion reduces the noise and restores the expected first-order convergence in CLUBB’s solutions. These model reformulations improve the results at coarser, near-operational grid spacing and time step in cumulus cloud and dry turbulence tests. In addition, convergence testing is proved to be a valuable tool for detecting pathologies, including unintended discontinuities and grid dependence, in the model equation set.

In this study, we have applied to northeastern Italy and western Slovenia medium-low seismicity an algorithm for strong aftershock forecasting we originally developed for medium-high seismicity in Italy (Gentili and Di Giovambattista, 2017). This study is possible thanks to the OGS bulletins, an accurate local catalogue, characterized by low completeness magnitude, that has been compiled by the National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics, Centre of Seismological Research, since 1977. The method is based on a pattern recognition approach which uses statistical features based on the number of the early aftershocks and on the spatio-temporal evolution of the radiated energy in the first hours/days after the mainshock. The analysis was performed on different time-spans after the mainshock to simulate the increase of information available as time passes during the seismic clusters. Following the approach of Gentili and Giovambattista (2017), we used an operational definition of clusters that defines “mainshock” as the first shock of the cluster over a given threshold. We have adopted this criterion in order to be able to apply the procedure immediately after the occurrence of a shock without waiting to verify if a stronger earthquake followed. If the difference in magnitude between the “mainshock” and the strongest aftershock is lower than 1 the clusters are classified as “Type A”, otherwise as “Type B”,. The Type A and B clusters’ distribution is analyzed also considering a draft subdivision of the region into two sub-regions characterized by different complexity of the clusters (Peresan and Gentili, 2018) Vp/Vs (Bressan et al., 2012) and attenuation characteristcs (Gentili and Gentile, 2015).

With Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS) observation of a magnetic flux rope of ion scale in magnetopause, we apply the single-point method presented by Rong et al., [2013] to study the magnetic field structure of flux rope. The calculated geometric parameters, e.g. axis orientation, helical handedness, current density, curvature radius, and boundaries of flux rope show well consistency with those derived from the multi-point methods. Thus, the single-point method of Rong et al., [2013] is reliable for studying the interior field structure of magnetic flux rope and could be applied widely to single-point spacecraft missions that examine the dynamics of flux rope.

We report observational evidence for a class of coherent magnetic dipolarization structures that are long lived and radially extensive. The reported dipolarization structures, a subset of general dipolarizations, typically remain coherent over 20-30 min in real time, 3-6 hours in MLT, and 10-20 Re in radial distance. Arrays of more than three spacecraft in non-collinear geometry are used to determine the propagation vector, including both the normal speed and direction, of such dipolarizations in the equatorial plane. The determined azimuthal propagation is ~3 deg/min, which corresponds to ~50 km/s at 6.6 Re. This speed is consistent with those obtained from two azimuthally separated spacecraft in previous works. Further analysis suggests that these azimuthally propagating dipolarizations (APDs) are often finger-like in shape, ranging from 5 to 20 Re in length and several Re in width. The reported APD may accompany the earthward flow channel and dipolarizing flux bundle (DFB).

Among the most complex activities in water companies is extracting accurate operational data of Urban Water Infrastructure (UWI). Hence, the use of data-based methods would be faced limitations for asset management of the UWI. This shortcoming could be improved using knowledge-based decisions. In this study, using this method, Maintenance-Rehabilitation Planning (MRP) of urban water pipes is assessed. Hence, the criteria effective on the MRP of the pipes were firstly determined. Then, two groups of experts in Iran and Brazil were invited to rank the determined criteria. For this purpose, a Multi-Criteria Group Decision-Making (MCGDM) method was developed based on the nominal group technique. This MCGDM method was implemented based on two approaches; first, the viewpoints of non-weighted decision-makers were considered; and second, the experts were weighted to rank the criteria. Finally, the results of these approaches in the two countries were pairwise compared. This comparison led to improving the literature and management in water companies of Iran and Brazil by identifying the effective criteria for the MRP of the pipes based on knowledge-based decisions. Further in this field, it was found that weighting the experts have no decisive effect on the results; and this is only effective in groups where the decision-makers weights are identically distributed. Moreover, it was found that there is a relation between the similarity of results and the similarity of experts’ profiles in knowledge-based decision groups of various countries such as Iran and Brazil.

The Delaware Basin, Texas is currently a hot-spot of induced seismicity and ground deformation due to fluid extraction and injection associated with horizontal drilling techniques; however, the driving mechanism behind the seismicity and deformation remains under debate. Using vertical and east-west horizontal surface deformation measurements derived from Sentinel-1 InSAR, we show that the subsurface responds differently to oil and gas activity in the northern and southeastern portions of the basin. In the north, where there is little seismicity, deformation patterns display long-wavelengths and equidimensional patterns. In contrast, the southeast region hosts most of the seismicity and displays spatial deformation patterns with narrow linear features that strike parallel to the maximum principal horizontal stress and to trends in seismicity, suggesting movement along normal faults. We model a linear deformation feature using edge dislocations and show that the InSAR observations can be reproduced by slip on normal faults contained within the Delaware Mountain Group (DMG), the formation that hosts local wastewater injection and the majority of earthquakes. Our model consists of three parallel, high-angle normal faults, with two dipping toward one another in a graben structure. Slip magnitudes reach up to 27.5 cm and are spatially correlated with injection wells. Measured seismicity can only explain ~2% of the fault motion predicted by our fault model, suggesting that slip leading to the deformation is predominantly aseismic. We conclude that seismic and aseismic fault motion in the southeastern Delaware Basin is likely driven by wastewater injection near critically-stressed normal faults within the DMG.

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical process that regulates the heat and water transfer between the land and atmosphere. Instantaneous satellite data can provide area-wide daily ET measurements. Surface energy budgets used in satellite-based calculations generally overpredict daily net radiation and the related ET. Our objective was to improve the accuracy of satellite-based daily evapotranspiration by correcting the overprediction of net radiation. To do so, we introduced a routine for calculating the downward longwave radiation on cloudy days. This new algorithm removed the upward bias in the predicted net radiation at seven ChinaFlux sites. Then, using previously developed methods for converting instantaneous measurement into daily averages, we found that evapotranspiration rates were predicted more accurately than existing methods at the same ChinaFlux sites. In addition, our evapotranspiration rates compared well with watershed ET and other calibrated and validated spatiotemporal gridded data products in China

Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5c, between ~106,000 and ~93,000 years ago, represents an important warm period on Earth in which the current anthropogenic warming can be contextualized. Although viewed as a pronounced interstadial, its climate expression is regionally disparate, with different regions on Earth showing evidence of either cooler conditions than modern-day or warmer conditions than modern-day. It is therefore important to expand temperature reconstructions to different regions on Earth to gain a better picture of climate dynamics during MIS 5c. In Alaska, there are no quantitative temperature reconstructions for MIS 5c, vastly limiting our knowledge of temperature changes in this climatically sensitive high-latitude region. Here, we fill-in this gap by providing the first quantitative temperatures from MIS 5c in Alaska using hydrogen isotopes from fluid inclusions in precisely dated speleothems. We find that regional temperatures during MIS 5c were within error of modern-day (2021 CE) temperatures, likely representing the most recent time period that regional temperatures were as high as modern-day.

Due to the advantages in safety and cost, more and more large underground caverns are being built to store energy or hazardous waste in the world, especially in China. However, so far, there are few studies focusing on dynamic response characteristics of deep underground storage caverns with large span. In this paper, the dynamic time history analysis method is used to study the seismic response characteristics of such a facility and the aseismic effect of seismic measures. First, to investigate the internal force and deformation responses of the liner, a series of calculation cases of the underground storage cavern with different load conditions are implemented: static load only, dynamic load only, both static and dynamic loads. Then, a rubber material is placed between the primary and secondary liners as a coating layer, and the influence of thickness of the rubber layer on the seismic mitigation of underground storage cavern is also investigated. Results indicate that dynamic load significantly increases the internal force of the structure, but has little effect on the deformation. With the seismic measure by setting coating layer, the underground storage cavern has better performance: the peak values of internal forces and deformation of liner are all reduced. The seismic mitigation effect of the coating layer tends to be more obvious with the increase of the thickness of the coating layer. When the thickness of the layer reaches a critical value, i.e. 30cm, however, the improvement of the seismic mitigation of the coating layer is invisible and slight with the increase of its thickness.

In this study, we present zircon U-Pb ages, Hf-O isotopes, and whole-rock geochemical data for the newly identified Duobaoshan appinite-granite suite in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Field and petrographic investigations show that this suite of rocks is composed of hornblende gabbro, quartz monzonite, and granite porphyry. The appinites are abnormally hornblende-rich, and contain spectacular hornblende phenocrysts, pegmatitic textures, and miarolitic cavity structures that indicate an anomalous water-rich origin. The quartz monzonite and granite porphyry show intrusive contact relations with the appinites. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) zircon dating reveals that the Duobaoshan appinite-granite suite was emplaced in a very short time interval of 224–223 Ma. These samples show typical subduction related arc magmatic geochemical characteristics that are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (REEs), depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs) and middle and heavy REEs. All samples exhibit comparative total REEs and no significant evolutionary relationships. The appinites show high Sr/Y ratios (reaching ~100) and positive or zero Eu anomalies, which reveal amphibole fractionation promotion and plagioclase fractionation suppression in a water-rich magma system. The quartz monzonite possesses high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios that exhibit adakite-like properties and were derived from thickened lower continental crust. The granite porphyry is silica-rich and non-adakitic. All samples have juvenile whole-rock initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (~0.7038) and ɛNd(t) values. Zircons have depleted mantle-like ɛHf (t) (to +12.0) and δ18O (~+5.65‰) values. Combining these geochemical features with observations of the regional geology and tectonic setting, we propose that the Duobaoshan appinite-granite suite was generated under a Triassic back-arc extensional setting related to the southward subduction of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean. The appinites were derived from an unusual water-rich mantle source, which was previously metasomatized by slab-derived fluids. The quartz monzonite and granite porphyry were generated from partial melting of the juvenile lower continental crust triggered by coeval appinitic magma underplating.

Recently, studies are featuring larger datasets and an increasing number of hydrological events. Therefore, automated methods have become an indispensable requirement. In this work, an automated procedure to improve hysteresis analysis is proposed. Two main aspects are targeted for methodological improvement:  The qualitative and quantitative analysis axes of hysteresis loops. The concept of Hysteresis Signature, a sequence of parameters that defines the parts forming a hysteresis loop (linear, clockwise, and anticlockwise parts), is introduced to classify hysteresis shapes. A new numeric analysis format is also introduced following the signature to characterize each part of the loop individually. It uses both normalized and real-scale metrics for a full hysteresis quantification. The procedure was extensively tested and validated using 1400+ events from real datasets. Results showed a significant methodological improvement in both the qualitative and quantitative analysis aspects of a given hydrological hysteresis response. The automated classification identified 51 different shapes, successfully confirming the increase of identifiable hysteresis loops. The new numeric analysis format, compared to hysteresis indices, gives a unique quantitative examination in combined forms (e.g., Figure of eight loops) which improves the accuracy of the acquired information. Real-scale quantification improved normalized metrics by reflecting the physical impact associated with the opening of the loop. Finally, The overall results of the method’s testing showed that the procedure is versatile and compatible with varying data types so that the method can be generalized to various hysteresis relationships.

Ground-based amplitude measurements of GNSS signal during ionospheric scintillation are analyzed using prevalent data analysis tools developed in the fields of fluid and plasma turbulence. One such tool is the structure function of order $q$, with $q = 1$ to $q = 6$, which reduces to the computation of the second order difference in the GPS signal amplitude at various time lags, and allows for the exploration of dominant length scales in the propagation medium. We report the existence of a range where the structure function is linear with respect to time lag. This linear time-segment could be considered as an analog to the inertial range in the context of neutral and plasma turbulence theory. Below the linear range, the structure function increases nonlinearly with time lag, again in good concordance with the intermittent character of the signal, given that a parallel is drawn with turbulence theory. Quantitatively, the slope of the structure function in the linear range is in good agreement with the scaling exponent determined from in-situ measurements of the electrostatic potential at low altitude (E-region) and the electron density at the topside ionosphere (F-Region). This in turn suggests the conjecture that scintillation could be considered a proxy for ionospheric turbulence. Furthermore, we have found that the probability distribution function of the second order difference in the signal amplitude has non-Gaussian features at large time-lags; a result that seems inconsistent with equilibrium statistical physics which suggests a Gaussian distribution for the conventional random walk processes.

Abstract:This study investigates the reproductive behaviors and adaptive diversity of Indian Pariah Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris ) within the Indian subcontinent. These ancient dogs, known for their unique characteristics and close relationship with ancestral wolf populations, exhibit intriguing mating patterns and possess remarkable adaptability. As human-driven changes threaten their existence, understanding their reproductive strategies and genetic diversity is crucial for conservation efforts. This research also highlights their cultural and ecological significance in both rural and urban communities. In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the multifaceted role of Indian Pariah Dogs in the subcontinent’s ecosystem and history.Keywords: Dogs, Ethology, Behavioural EcologyIntroduction:The Indian Pariah Dog, scientifically referred to as Canis lupus familiaris , is an ancient domestic dog breed originating from the Indian subcontinent. It goes by various names, including Desi Dogs, INDogs, Pye-Dogs, or South Asian Pariah Dogs, and is recognized for its distinctive physical traits, such as erect ears, a wedge-shaped head, a curved tail, and a short coat with diverse colors. Renowned for their adaptability, intelligence, and loyalty, these dogs have shared a longstanding companionship with humans for millennia. Studying the breeding behaviors and adaptive diversity of Indian Pariah Dogs holds significant importance for several reasons. Firstly, it aids in unraveling the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of domestic dogs, as they are closely linked to the ancestral wolf population, which contributed to the development of all modern dog breeds. Secondly, this research plays a vital role in identifying and safeguarding the unique attributes of this ancient breed, which face potential threats from crossbreeding, urbanization, and human intervention. Lastly, it highlights the cultural and ecological significance of these dogs in both rural and urban communities across India and South Asia. They serve diverse roles, including companionship, guardianship, pest control, and more, further emphasizing their integral role in these communities.Materials and Methods:Study Area and Data CollectionThe study was conducted across various regions within Bangladesh, encompassing both rural and urban environments.Sample PopulationA diverse sample of Indian Pariah Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris ) from different geographical locations was included. The sample size consisted of 3 individuals, encompassing various age groups and genders.Behavioral ObservationsReproductive behaviors were observed and recorded using a combination of direct observations and camera traps. Key behaviors included courtship, mating, territorial marking, and pup-rearing activities.Genetic AnalysisDNA samples were collected non-invasively via hair, saliva, and fecal samples. Genetic diversity was assessed using microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA analysis. Population structure and relatedness were determined through genotyping.Data AnalysisStatistical software was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, and frequency distributions, were computed for behavioral data. Genetic diversity indices (e.g., allelic richness, heterozygosity) were calculated to assess genetic variability.Ethnographic StudiesInterviews and surveys were conducted in local communities to gather information on the cultural and ecological significance of Indian Pariah Dogs. Qualitative data from interviews were analyzed thematically.Conservation ImplicationsThe findings were used to assess the reproductive strategies and adaptability of Indian Pariah Dogs. Conservation recommendations were formulated based on the study’s results.Data IntegrationBehavioral observations, genetic data, and ethnographic findings were integrated to provide a comprehensive understanding of Indian Pariah Dogs’ roles in the ecosystem and culture.LimitationsChallenges included the non-invasive collection of genetic samples and the need for extensive fieldwork in diverse environments.Statistical AnalysisData were analyzed using statistical tests/methods, with significance levels. Results were presented graphically, including bar charts, scatterplots, and phylogenetic trees.Data AvailabilityData collected during this study will be made available to the scientific community for further research and conservation efforts.Results:Indian Pariah Dogs are free-ranging dogs that live in close association with humans in many parts of India. They are considered to be one of the oldest and most primitive breeds of dogs, with a genetic makeup that is similar to that of wolves. They have a complex social system that is influenced by ecological and anthropogenic factors, such as food availability, human interference, and population density. In this essay, I will focus on two aspects of their social system: dominance hierarchy and mate selection, and group dynamics during mating season.Indian Pariah Dogs form loose social groups that consist of several males and females, with a variable degree of relatedness. Within these groups, there is a dominance hierarchy that is established through agonistic interactions, such as growling, barking, chasing, biting, and submissive postures . The dominant individuals have priority access to food resources, resting sites, and mating partners. The dominance rank of an individual can change over time, depending on its age, health, and social support. The mating system of Indian Pariah Dogs is polygynandrous, meaning that both males and females mate with multiple partners during the breeding season. However, there is some evidence of mate choice and mate guarding among these dogs (Kappeler et al, 2002).The reproductive cycle and fertility of the Indian pariah dog, also known as the Indian native dog or the desi dog, are influenced by various factors, such as seasonality, nutrition, health, and human intervention. Have a look on it below:Estrus cycle and ovulation: The estrus cycle of the female Indian pariah dog lasts from 18 to 21 days, with two phases: proestrus and estrus. Proestrus is characterized by mild swelling of the vulva and a bloody discharge, lasting for about 9 days. During this phase, the female may attract males, but she is not ready to mate and will reject their advances. Estrus is the phase when the female is receptive to the male and ovulation occurs. The discharge becomes lighter in colour and the vulva becomes very enlarged and soft. This stage may last 3 to 4 days or as long as 7 to 11 days. Ovulation usually occurs around the second or third day of estrus, but it can vary depending on the individual and environmental factors. The optimal time for mating is determined by vaginal smears and blood tests that can detect changes in the cells and hormones of the female¹. After estrus, the female enters diestrus, which is the luteal phase of the cycle. This stage lasts 60 to 90 days if no pregnancy has occurred or until the female gives birth. During diestrus, the discharge becomes redder, the vulva returns to its normal size, and the female will no longer accept the male for mating. The final stage of the cycle is anestrus, which is the period of sexual inactivity between two cycles (George Brill et al, 2022).Factors influencing fertility rates: The fertility rates of the Indian pariah dog are affected by several factors, such as seasonality, nutrition, health, and human intervention. Seasonality refers to the variation in reproductive activity according to the seasons and climatic conditions. Studies have shown that street dogs in India have a seasonal breeding pattern, with peak estrus and pregnancy occurring in the late/post-monsoon season (September to November), followed by a peak in pup proportions (December to February). This may be related to the availability of food and water resources, as well as temperature and photoperiod. Nutrition is another important factor that influences fertility rates, as poor nutrition can impair reproductive function and reduce litter size. Street dogs in India often suffer from malnutrition and parasitic infections, which can affect their body condition and reproductive performance¹. Health status is also a factor that affects fertility rates, as diseases and injuries can compromise reproductive function and survival. Street dogs in India are exposed to various health risks, such as rabies, canine distemper, parvovirus, leptospirosis, mange, ticks, fleas, worms, and trauma. Human intervention is a factor that can either increase or decrease fertility rates, depending on the type and extent of intervention. On one hand, human intervention can provide food, water, shelter, and veterinary care to street dogs, which can improve their reproductive capacity. On the other hand, human intervention can also involve sterilization and vaccination programs that aim to control street dog populations and prevent zoonotic diseases. These programs can reduce fertility rates and reproductive success of street dogs.The courtship and mating behaviors of pariah dogs:Vocalizations and Body Language: Pariah dogs, also known as Indian native dogs or street dogs, engage in a variety of vocalizations and display specific body language during courtship. These behaviors play a crucial role in attracting potential mates and establishing social bonds within the pack.Vocalizations: Pariah dogs use a range of vocalizations, including barking, howling, and whining, as a means of communication during courtship. For instance, males may engage in prolonged, rhythmic howling to announce their presence and attract females (Bhattacharjee, 2011).Body Language: Body language is a significant aspect of pariah dog courtship. Males often display assertive and confident postures, such as erect tails, raised hackles, and direct eye contact when approaching a potential mate (Prabhakar et al., 2010). This body language signifies their readiness to engage in courtship rituals.Rituals and Displays During Courtship: Pariah dogs engage in various courtship rituals and displays to establish bonds and initiate mating. These behaviors are essential for ensuring successful reproduction and maintaining social harmony within the pack.Playful Chasing: Courtship often begins with playful chasing between the male and female. This behavior allows them to assess each other’s physical fitness and compatibility as potential mates (Prabhakar et al., 2010).Sniffing and Nudging: During courtship, pariah dogs frequently engage in sniffing and nudging each other, particularly in the genital and anal regions. This behavior helps them gather information about the other dog’s reproductive status and readiness to mate (Boitani et al., 2015).Submissive Gestures: Females may exhibit submissive behaviors, such as lowering their bodies, tucking their tails, and allowing males to approach and mount them (Bhattacharjee, 2011). These gestures indicate their willingness to mate.Group Dynamics: Courtship rituals in pariah dogs are often observed within the context of their social groups or packs. Other pack members may play various roles, such as supporting or interfering with the courtship process, depending on their social hierarchy and relationships (Boitani et al., 2015).Here are some behavioral adaptations of pariah dogs:Hunting and Foraging Strategies:Pariah dogs have evolved several hunting and foraging strategies that enable them to thrive in a wide range of environments. These adaptations are crucial for their survival as scavengers and opportunistic predators.Scavenging: Pariah dogs are adept scavengers, relying on their keen sense of smell and opportunistic behavior to locate and consume food scraps and carcasses (Boitani et al., 2015). This scavenging behavior allows them to exploit various food resources in urban and rural settings.Group Hunting: In some instances, pariah dogs may form small hunting packs to take down larger prey or scavenge in groups. This cooperative hunting behavior enhances their chances of success (Bose et al., 2020).Nocturnal Activity: Pariah dogs often exhibit nocturnal or crepuscular hunting behavior, which helps them avoid human activity and extreme daytime temperatures in certain regions (Vanak et al., 2009).Survival Instincts and Problem-Solving Abilities:Pariah dogs have developed strong survival instincts and problem-solving abilities that aid their adaptation to various environmental challenges.Shelter Selection: Pariah dogs are skilled at selecting safe and concealed shelters, such as abandoned buildings or dense vegetation, to protect themselves from adverse weather conditions and predators (Bose et al., 2020).Social Cooperation: They exhibit social behaviors that promote cooperation within their packs, such as sharing food resources and caring for pups communally. This social structure enhances their chances of survival (Vanak et al., 2009).Adaptability to Urban Environments: Pariah dogs have demonstrated remarkable adaptability to urban environments by learning to navigate traffic, scavenge for food, and avoid human conflicts (D’Cruze et al., 2018).Problem Solving: Research has shown that pariah dogs possess problem-solving abilities, such as finding novel ways to access food sources and overcoming obstacles in their environment (Vanak et al., 2009).These behavioral adaptations have enabled pariah dogs to successfully occupy a wide range of ecological niches and coexist with humans in various settings, from rural villages to bustling cities.Factors influencing breeding and adaptive diversity in pariah dogs:Climate and Geographical Variations: Climate and geographical variations play a crucial role in shaping breeding and adaptive diversity in pariah dogs. Research by Bhadra et al. (2013) found that pariah dogs in different regions exhibit distinct adaptations to local climates, such as thicker fur in colder regions and leaner body types in warmer regions.Availability of Resources and Habitat Types: The availability of resources like food and shelter, as well as the type of habitat, greatly influence breeding patterns. Studies by Vanak et al. (2007) have shown that pariah dogs in urban areas tend to have smaller litter sizes and higher pup survival rates due to better access to food and shelter compared to their counterparts in rural areas.Domestication and Selective Breeding: Human influence has played a significant role in shaping the genetics of pariah dogs. Historical domestication events have led to various selective pressures. Studies like that by Thalmann et al. (2013) have identified genetic markers associated with domestication, which have influenced the breeding and behavior of pariah dogs over time.Impact of Urbanization and Habitat Loss: Urbanization and habitat loss have substantial impacts on pariah dog breeding patterns. Research by Doherty et al. (2017) highlights how urbanization can lead to increased inbreeding among pariah dogs due to restricted movement and smaller populations in urban areas.A. Importance of preserving genetic diversity: Preserving genetic diversity in pariah dogs is crucial for maintaining the resilience and adaptability of this unique population. Genetic diversity enhances their ability to withstand environmental changes and disease outbreaks (Frankham, 2005). It is vital to maintain a diverse gene pool to prevent potential inbreeding issues that can lead to health problems (Ostrander et al., 2017). B. Strategies for promoting responsible breeding practices: Promoting responsible breeding practices among pariah dog populations is essential to prevent overpopulation and maintain health. Implementing spaying and neutering programs can help control population growth (Levy et al., 2003). Encouraging responsible ownership through education on breeding ethics and the importance of breed standards can also be effective (American Veterinary Medical Association, 2021). C. Conservation efforts for protecting Indian Pariah Dog populations: Conservation efforts for Indian Pariah Dogs should focus on habitat preservation and population monitoring. Protected areas should be established to safeguard their natural habitats, and wildlife corridors should be maintained to ensure connectivity (Mukherjee et al., 2010). Collaborative efforts with local communities for coexistence and education on the value of these dogs in maintaining ecological balance are also critical (Karanth et al., 2011).Conclusion:The research on the Indian Pariah Dog, also known as the Desi Dog, reveals its unique adaptability and reproductive fitness. These dogs have a short gestation period and large litters, indicating their ability to thrive in challenging environments. Their breeding behaviors are influenced by social hierarchies, and they exhibit remarkable diversity in coat colors, sizes, and ear shapes due to their long history in various ecological niches in India. This research not only enhances our understanding of canine evolution but also provides insights for conservation efforts, as these dogs are one of the oldest breeds and can serve as a model for protecting indigenous dog breeds facing similar challenges.Reference:American Veterinary Medical Association. (2021). 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S., Nimmo, D. G., Ritchie, E. G., & Dickman, C. R. (2017). The Science of Scavenging: How Dogs and Vultures Contribute to Human Welfare. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(24), 14119-14126.Frankham, R. (2005). Genetics and extinction. Biological Conservation, 126(2), 131-140.George Brill, Tamara Kartal, Seasonal Patterns of Oestrus and Reproduction in Street Dogs of Indian Cities. Front. Vet. Sci., 17 June 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.821424Kappeler, P.M., van Schaik, C.P. Evolution of Primate Social Systems. International Journal of Primatology 23, 707–740 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015520830318Karanth, K. U., et al. (2011). Making resettlement work: The case of Indian reserves and wildlife conservation. Biological Conservation, 144(5), 1516-1526.Levy, J. K., et al. (2003). Impact of the high-volume spay/neuter clinic on shelter intake in a small animal control facility. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 6(2), 133-142.Mukherjee, S., et al. (2010). Understanding the relationship between people and leopards in the Indian Himalaya. Mountain Research and Development, 30(3), 252-257.Ostrander, E. A., et al. (2017). The dog as a cancer model. Nature Reviews Cancer, 17(7), 440-455.Prabhakar, B., Dhananjaya, A., & Naveen, M. (2010). Behavioural repertoire of free-ranging Indian pariah bitches in relation to oestrus. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 127(1-2), 77-82.Thalmann, O., Shapiro, B., Cui, P., Schuenemann, V. J., Sawyer, S. K., Greenfield, D. L., … & Wayne, R. K. (2013). Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs. Science, 342(6160), 871-874.Vanak, A. T., Gompper, M. E., & Wayne, R. K. (2009). Conservation genetics of the Indian dhole (Cuon alpinus): discordant patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear variation. Conservation Genetics, 10(1), 31-45.Vanak, A. T., Gompper, M. E., & Shivaji, S. (2007). Top-dogs and Under-dogs: Competition between Free-ranging Domestic Dogs and Indian Foxes in the Peri-urban Areas of Bhadra Tiger Reserve, South India. Ethology, 113(3), 260-268.

Martian upper atmosphere warming reflects the energy-materials interactions from the lower atmosphere layers. In this paper, we show a new phenomenon that enhances Mars upper atmosphere density in the equatorial region during the winter periods. First, both accelerometer-derived density and NGIMS-measured species from MAVEN show that the winter equatorial region has a secondary warming peak compared with that of the high-latitude polar warming area. Second, the major neutrals (CO2, Ar, CO, N2, and O) indicate that the phenomenon extends at least up to 240 km during both day and night sides. Furthermore, the topographic-related longitudinal structure emerged in the equatorial sector indicates that the variations are more dynamical than we expected. The warming found in this study suggest to be dust-related and influenced by the evolution of the seasonal solar insolation. Both local factors, upward small-scale gravity waves and CO2 IR-thermal effect transfer, may play key roles in shaping the warming structure.

Representing single or multi-layered mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) accurately in global climate models (GCMs) is critical for capturing climate sensitivity and Arctic amplification. Ice multiplication, or secondary ice production (SIP), can increase the ice crystal number concentration (ICNC) in MPCs by several orders of magnitude, affecting cloud properties and processes. Here, we propose a machine-learning approach, called Random Forest SIP (RaFSIP), to parameterize the effect of SIP on stratiform MPCs. The RaFSIP scheme uses few input variables available in models and considers rime splintering, ice-ice collisional break-up, and droplet-shattering, operating at temperatures between 0 and -25 ˚C. The training dataset for RaFSIP was derived from two-year pan-Arctic simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with explicit representations of SIP processes. The RaFSIP scheme was evaluated offline against WRF simulation outputs, then integrated within WRF. The parameterization exhibits stable performance over a simulation year, and reproduced predictions of ICNC with explicit microphysics to within a factor of 3. The coupled WRF-RaFSIP scheme can replicate regions of enhanced SIP and accurately map ICNCs and liquid water content, particularly at temperatures above -10 ˚C. Uncertainties related to the RaFSIP representation of MPCs marginally affected surface cloud radiative forcing in the Arctic, with radiative biases of lower than 3 Wm-2 compared to simulations with explicit SIP microphysics. Training from a few high-resolution model grid points did not limit the predictive skill of RaFSIP, with the approach opening up new avenues for model simplification and process description in GCMs by physics-guided machine learning algorithms.

The Waves instrument aboard Juno is a sophisticated radio astronomy observatory investigating Jupiter's auroral radio emissions and plasma wave interactions. Waves records electrical field properties using two monopole antennas, which are connected to form a dipole. The receiving properties of the Waves dipole changes quite remarkably over the instruments frequency range from near DC to 40 MHz. In this contribution we outline Waves' electrical sensor properties above the quasi-static frequency range and provide detailed directivity pattern and insertion loss figures of the instrument for science application and data analysis.

Flooding, moisture, and climate combined with traffic conditions are responsible for the failure of pavement and traffic disruption. Flooding may deteriorate the structural integrity of the road foundation resulting in huge rehabilitation and maintenance costs. Estimating flooding extent and flow characteristics is, therefore, key to assessing the impact of inundation on road links and networks in low-lying areas that are frequently exposed to flooding water. Such an assessment is helpful for decision-makers in pavement design, rescue operations, and infrastructure planning. Flooding from heavy precipitation is the primary weather-related hazard to transportation infrastructure in the state of Louisiana. Quantification of flood inundation area and depth is essential to quantify the exposure of infrastructure such as pavement and traffic flow to flooding in the changing climate. Two-dimensional hydraulic models that use the governing equation of flow to simulate flow characteristics are widely used to simulate flood extent and depth. However, simulating hydraulic models at acceptably satisfactory resolution and for large spatial extension may require substantial effort. More recent methods have used satellite remote sensing to characterize the extent of the flood, but satellite data still have limitations in producing reliable flood depth information. Modeling framework based on hydraulics and machine learning provides efficient large-scale flood simulation applications. This study tested the GIS tool, the Flood Depth Estimator (FwDET), to estimate complex inundation patterns in an urban setting. When driven by the LiDAR Digital Elevation Modeling and flood extent map, the tool can provide a rapid assessment of the spatial distribution of depth in the flood-prone region and state highway of Amite and Comite Rivers, Louisiana.

This study presents the development of a TKE-l parameterization of the diffusion coefficients for the representation of turbulent diffusion in neutral and stable conditions in large-scale atmospheric models. The parameterization has been carefully designed to be completely tunable in the sense that all adjustable parameters have been clearly identified and their number minimized as much as possible to help the calibration and to thoroughly assess the parametric sensitivity. We choose a mixing length formulation that depends on both static stability and wind shear to cover the different regimes of stable boundary layers. We follow a heuristic approach for expressing the stability functions and turbulent Prandlt number in order to guarantee the versatility of the scheme and its applicability for planetary atmospheres composed of an ideal and perfect gas such as that of Earth and Mars. Particular attention has also been paid to the numerical stability at typical time steps used in General Circulation Models. Test, parametric sensitivity assessment and preliminary tuning are performed on single-column idealized simulations of the weakly stable boundary layer. The robustness and versatility of the scheme are also assessed through its implementation in the LMDZ General Circulation Model and the Mars Planetary Climate Model and by running simulations of the Antarctic and Martian nocturnal boundary layers.