The spatial distribution of whistler-mode wave emissions in the Jovian magnetosphere measured during the first 45 perijove orbits of Juno is investigated. A double-belt structure in whistler-mode wave intensity is revealed. Between the two whistler-mode belts, there exists a region devoid of 100s keV electrons near the magnetic equator at 9 < M < 16. Insufficient source electron population in such an electron “slot” region is a possible explanation for the relatively lower wave activity compared to the whistler-mode belts. The wave intensity of the outer whistler-mode belt measured in the dusk-premidnight sector is significantly stronger than in the postmidnight-dawn sector. We suggest that the inherent dawn-dusk asymmetries in source electron distribution and/or auroral hiss emission rather than the modulation of solar cycle are more likely to result in the azimuthal variation of outer whistler-mode belt intensity during the first 45 Juno perijove orbits.

From August 2018 to May 2019, Kīlauea’s summit exhibited unique, simultaneous, inflation and deflation, apparent in both GPS time series and cumulative InSAR displacement maps. This deformation pattern provides clear evidence that the Halema‘uma‘u (HMM) and South Caldera (SC) reservoirs are distinct. Post-collapse inflation of the East Rift Zone (ERZ), as captured by InSAR, indicates concurrent magma transfer from the summit reservoirs to the ERZ. We present a physics-based model that couples pressure-driven flow between these magma reservoirs to simulate time dependent summit deformation. We take a two-step approach to quantitatively constrain Kīlauea’s magmatic plumbing system. First, we jointly invert the InSAR displacement maps and GPS offsets for the location and geometry of the summit reservoirs, approximated as spheroidal chambers. We find that HMM reservoir has an aspect ratio of ~1.8 (prolate) and a depth of ~2.2 km (below surface). The SC reservoir has an aspect ratio of ~0.14 (oblate) and a depth of ~3.6 km. Second, we utilize the flux model to invert GPS time series from 8 summit stations. Results favor a shallow HMM-ERZ pathway an order of magnitude more hydraulically conductive than the deep SC-ERZ pathway. Further analysis shows that the HMM-ERZ pathway is required to explain the deformation time series. Given high-quality geodetic data, such an approach promises to quantify the connectivity of magmatic pathways between reservoirs in other similar volcanic systems.

Fluid-flux melting is commonly attributed as the primary driver of magmatism in arcs; however, decompression melting, mantle heterogeneity, and the amount and compositions of slab-derived materials (fluids vs. melts; crust vs. sediments), have all been suggested to play a role in producing the compositional diversity of primary arc basalts. In this contribution, we present the volatile, major, and trace element compositions of melt inclusions from basaltic magmas erupted at three volcanic centers in the Washington Cascades: Mount St. Helens (two basaltic tephras from the Castle Creek period, 2.0–1.7 ka), Indian Heaven Volcanic Field (two <600 ka basaltic hyaloclastitic tuffs), and Glacier Peak (basaltic tephra from Whitechuck and Indian Pass cinder cones). Melt inclusions have H2O and Cl contents that range from 0.3-2.2 wt% and 97-1011 ppm, respectively, and are hosted in olivine with compositions of Fo74-Fo85 (Mt St. Helens), Fo80-Fo87 (Indian Heaven) and Fo86-Fo89 (Glacier Peak). We find that trace element ratios such as Nb/Y demonstrate that the variability between samples is likely related to differences in mantle source compositions. Impressively, these ratios span nearly the entire range of arc magmas globally, from high Nb/Y compositions at Mount St. Helens that are similar to ocean island basalts, to low-K tholeiites from Indian Heaven and Glacier Peak that have Nb/Y ratios similar to N-MORB. Interestingly, a calc-alkaline basalt from Glacier Peak displays S/Y ratios that overlap with the highest values measured in arcs globally (Ruscitto et al., 2012). While all magma types, including calc-alkaline magmas from Indian Heaven and Glacier Peak, have H2O and Cl contributions from the downgoing plate (inferred from H2O/Y and Cl/Y ratios) that overlap with other Cascade Arc segments, the maxima measured in the Washington Cascades are markedly lower than those from other segments, including central Oregon, northern California, and the northern Garibaldi belt, consistent with Venugopal et al. (2020). This dataset adds to the growing inventory of primitive magma volatile concentrations along the Cascade Arc and provides insight into spatial distributions of mantle heterogeneity and the variable role of slab processes in the petrogenesis of arc magmas.

My laboratory is developing an accelerometer. However, if you do not install the dedicated software, you can not browse the data. In addition, since it is necessary to go to the site on a semi-annual basis and collect data due to capacity problems, the current operation is burdened. In order to solve these problems, we devised WebGL that enables high-speed drawing when processing a large amount of data such as Big Data, and a Web application that uses server that can transmit, save, and download acquired data. In this application, an accelerometer and a raspberry pie are connected, and the raspberry pie receives data obtained from the accelerometer and sends the data to a server installed in a laboratory by SCP file transfer at regular intervals. These data specify the location and date from the client side through the Internet browser, download the data using the download function of the browser, read this data on the application and draw the waveform. The data obtained from the accelerometer in the development to date is converted into a CSV file and transferred to the server. These data can be downloaded and displayed on the web application. For the google map displayed on the right side of the screen, it is to make the application more useful by registering the location where the accelerometer was set in the future.

Currently, a future satellite mission of precipitation observations is discussed in Japan. From a low-orbit satellite, it is difficult to directly observe temporal evolution of precipitating clouds. The dynamical structure of precipitation helps better understandings of the lifecycle of precipitating clouds. Thus, the Doppler capability of a spaceborne precipitation radar is expected to provide global information of the motion for various precipitating clouds. However, the Doppler measurements of precipitation from space is challenging because of a fast-moving platform and a radar’s finite field of view (FOV). Since the radar onboard the spacecraft quickly passes above precipitating clouds, the decorrelation of precipitation signals due to the beam broadening effect degrades the Doppler measurement accuracy. Moreover, a spatial variability of precipitation within the FOV causes mixing of the motion between precipitating particles and spacecraft, which is called as an effect of the non-uniform beam filling (NUBF). This study investigates the Doppler capability of the spaceborne precipitation radar based on simulation experiments by using the high-spatial resolution ground radar and numerical model data. Here, we discuss two Ku-band Doppler radar systems: A) a large one antenna system and B) a two-antenna system. Since the contamination of the platform motion is proportional to the platform velocity and the radar’s beamwidth, the large antenna system mitigates the contamination due to the platform motion. On the other hand, the two-antenna system adopts the displaced phase center antenna (DPCA) technique. A signal processing with two antennas cancels out the platform motion so that mitigation of the beam broadening and NUBF effects is expected even if the FOV is coarse than the large antenna system. A quantitative evaluation between the two systems is conducted. For the large antenna system (FOV of 2.5 km), the mean Doppler velocity error of precipitation (> 15 dBZ) is evaluated in the range from 2.3 to 5 .0 m/s. Although the large error is originated from a residual error of the imperfect NUBF correction, the error is mitigated from 0.7 to 1.5 m/s when a 5-km average in the along-track direction is applied. For the two-antenna system (FOV of 5 km), the error is evaluated in the range from 0.6 to 1.1 m/s.

On this poster we explore how well global HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) simulations predict (semidiurnal) internal tides and their decay. We explore two important factors that govern the internal tide predictability: model resolution (8 km vs. 4 km) and wave drag. We validate these simulations with internal-tide sea-surface height amplitudes from altimetry, surface-tide dissipation rates estimated from an altimetry-constrained model, finestructure and microstructure dissipation rates, and modal-conversion rates computed from analytical models. To compare HYCOM to various altimetry data sets, we derive a spatially varying correction factor that accounts for the effect of time series duration on non-stationarity. We perform tidal energy balances and decompose the M2 internal tides into vertical modes.

The knowledge of the radioactive 14C yield under atmosphere thunderstorm flash conditions (the additional discovered channel of 14C production relative to the main - cosmogenic one) is important for radiocarbon analysis. It is proposed the gross model for evaluation of the thunderstorm 14C yield simulated for the altitudes up to 15 km. It was obtained that yield from the thunderstorm mechanisms of 14C creation cannot compete with cosmogenic production which is six orders of value larger. The obtained result allows to take off the problematic issue on thunderstorm radiocarbon generation in the atmosphere as the additional significant source.

One of the largest sources of uncertainty in climate models comes from convective cloudssystems parametrizations, which are necessary at current horizontal resolutions, of about 25km.In order to fully resolve the effects of such systems, horizontal resolutions need to reach the 1-3km range, which entail a huge increase in computational costs. In recent years, the performance of the world largest supercomputers has steadilyimproved, to the point that we can now think of running a climate modelat cloud resolving resolution, with a Simulated Years Per Day (SYPD) throughputthat is suitable for decade or century long simulations.However, the architectures of the newest supercomputers are becoming more andmore heterogeneous, which makes the task of keeping a performant code base moreand more challenging. Here, we present our effort to upgrade the new non-hydrostatic atmosphere dycore ofE3SM to a version that is highly performant on a variety of architectures, includingGPUs, conventional CPUs, and many-core CPUs. When using GPUs, our implementation isone of the fastest, achieving 0.97 SYPD on the NGPPS benchmark, when running on the full Summit supercomputer.

A significant stress drop characterizes sometimes earthquakes induced by injection or extraction of fluids in rocks. Moreover, long-term fluid operations in underground reservoirs can impact a seismogenic reaction of the rocks per a unit volume of the involved fluid. The seismogenic index is a quantitative characteristic of such a reaction. We derive a relationship between the seismogenic index and the stress drop. We propose a simple and rather general phenomenological model of the stress drop of induced events in various faulting regimes. Our results suggest that high stress drops of some earthquakes induced by long-term underground fluid operations may be controlled by drops of cohesion of more cohesive faults getting seismically activated due to gradually increasing with time differential stresses. On the one hand, this effect can result in an increase of seismogenic index with production time. On the other hand, a production-caused depleting of the pore pressure can also cause a systematic increase of the stress drop. This provides an additional contribution to the growth of seismogenic index with production time at such reservoirs.

Despite the importance of turbidity currents in environmental and resource geology, their flow conditions and mechanisms are not well understood. This study proposes a novel method for the inverse analysis of turbidity currents using a deep learning neural network (DNN) to better explore the properties of turbidity currents. The aim of this study is to verify the DNN inverse method using numerical and flume experiment datasets. Numerical datasets of turbidites were generated with a forward model. Then, the DNN model was trained to find the functional relationship between flow conditions and turbidites by processing the numerical datasets. The performance of the trained DNN model was evaluated with 2000 numerical test datasets and 5 experiment datasets. Inverse analysis results on numerical test datasets indicated that flow conditions can be reconstructed from depositional characteristics of turbidites. For experimental turbidites, spatial distributions of grain size and thickness were consistent with the sample values. Concerning hydraulic conditions, flow depth H, layer-averaged velocity U, and flow duration Td were reconstructed with a certain level of deviation. Greater discrepancies between the measured and reconstructed values of flow concentration were observed relative to the former three parameters (H, U, Td), which may be attributed to difficulties in measuring the flow concentration during experiments. The precision of the reconstructions for experimental datasets was estimated using Jackknife resampling. Although the DNN model did not provide perfect reconstruction, it proved to be a significant advance for the inverse analysis of turbidity currents.

The thermal response of the martian subsurface due to solar forcing lacks direct measurements. The InSight mission provides the best opportunity to detect the thermal behavior of the subsurface since it was equipped with both air temperature sensors and a subsurface heat flow probe. Here, we model heat conduction under the InSight landing site based on the measured subsurface thermal parameters and air temperature records, which provide insights into heat flow in the martian subsurface. Daily temperature variation over 1 K occurs only within 25 cm under the ground surface. The highest absolute rate of temperature change appears around sol 440, which coincides closely with the season of the dominant number of marsquakes observed around sunset. Thermal-mechanical finite-element method simulations indicate that more potential afternoon marsquakes might exist but be covered by the wind noise. Our results indicate that most high-frequency and low-magnitude marsquakes are likely thermal in origin.

Alterations in the ocean and polar and mountain cryosphere from climate change have the potential for far-reaching impacts on ecosystems and human systems all over the world. The IPCC Special Report on Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) was prepared in response to proposals of member governments and observer organisations for Special Reports assessing highly policy-relevant issues. This report focuses on observed and projected changes in the ocean and cryosphere; impacts, vulnerability and risks to ecosystems and human systems, as well as adaptation options. The SROCC is structured in six chapters: Framing and context of the report; high mountain areas; polar regions; sea level rise and implications for low lying islands, coasts and communities; changing ocean, marine ecosystems, and dependent communities; extremes, abrupt changes and managing risks; together with an integrative cross-chapter box on low-lying islands and coasts. Over 100 scientists from 36 countries led the assessment of the latest scientific knowledge in more than two years of intense work. This presentation will provide some background information, an overview on the milestones during report development and focus on the key messages from the report’s Summary for Policymakers.

The European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF)  fifth-generation reanalysis of the global climate (ERA5) and the Climate Hazards Croup InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIPPS) daily measurements are used to examine extreme rainfall (1981-2022) in the contiguous U.S.A. Linear spatiotemporal trends in indicators of extreme rainfall frequency, magnitude, and duration recommended by WMO, as identified by the TheiI-Sen slope estimate and its Mann Kendall significance (p < 0.05), are calculated. Temporal trends in the annual number of days with rainfall 20 mm (R20) are most significant in the Ohio Valley and in parts of Florida (increasing), and isolated parts of Texas, Oklahoma, elsewhere in the Southwest and West (decreasing). Annual frequency of days having 10 mm (R1O) shows similar spatiotemporal patterns, but with broader areas of decreasing trends in the southern Great Plains and Southwest. Annual trends in total rainfall on the 5% of the most precipitating days (R95P) increased significantly in parts of Florida and from Louisiana to Maine and decreased significantly across much of the Southwest. Annual trends in maximum five-day rainfall (Rx5day) increased significantly in parts of the Appalachians and other isolated pockets and decreased significantly in parts of the Southwest. Annual maximum number of consecutive dry days (CDD) increased significantly in parts of California and adjacent western U.S. and decreased significantly in much of the south-central U.S. Trends in annual maximum number of consecutive wet days (CWD) changed significantly only in isolated areas, with Colorado having the most significantly decreasing trends. The area having >2.5 mm day-1 of rainfall over a given meteorological season expanded for DJF and MAM but shrunk for SON, from the 1981-1990 to 2011-2022 periods. If such trends continue, floods, landslides, and droughts may intensify.

Spanning a period of more than 15 years, the Landsat Legacy Project Team researched, complied and published, in late 2017, Landsat's Enduring Legacy that describes the myriad of factors that surround the nearly half-century of monitoring the Earth's surface with Landsat. Born of technologies that evolved from the World War II, Landsat not only pioneered global land monitoring but, in the process, drove innovation in digital imaging technologies and encouraged development of global imagery archives. Access to this imagery led to early breakthroughs in natural resources assessments, particularly for agriculture, forestry, and geology. The technical and political aspects of the remote sensing revolution led by Landsat were not simple or straightforward. Early conflicts between civilian and defense satellite remote sensing users gave way to disagreements over whether the Landsat system should be a public service or a private enterprise. Only the combined engagement of civilian and defense organizations ultimately saved this pioneer satellite land monitoring program from termination. With the emergence of 21st century Earth system science research, coupled with greatly enhanced data computing, storage and transfer capabilities, the full value of the Landsat concept and its continuous, calibrated nearly half-century global archive has been recognized and embraced. The attempts to privatize Landsat had dramatic negative impacts on the collection, availability, and use of the data. These impacts should inform deliberations on the future of the Landsat program moving toward a Sustained Land Imaging program following Landsat 9. Discussion of Landsat's future continues, but its heritage will not be forgotten.

Deep-sea polymetallic sulfides formed by hydrothermal activity are considered a potential resource for economically valuable base and precious metals. The Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR, Indian Ocean) hosts active and inactive hydrothermal systems. Inactive hydrothermal fields are more abundant but difficult to characterize. We report a self-potential investigation to locate inactive ore deposits at the Yuhuang hydrothermal field on the ultraslow-spreading SWIR. A horizontal array of 6 AgCl electrodes were attached to a dual towed transient electromagnetic system to record the electrical field at a height of 40 m above the seafloor. The observed electrical field strength near the known sulfide drills reaches 0.5 mV/m. Negative self-potential anomalies (~ -25 mV, obtained by integrating the electrical field) were observed. High electrical conductivities (up to 12 S/m) of sulfide samples measured in the laboratory and the oxidize sulfides recovered at the outcrop of the deposit suggest that the self-potential anomalies are due to sulfides mineralization and corrosion of the polymetallic sulfides. Tomography of the self-potential anomalies reveals a localized current source distribution with a thickness of ~65 m. Our field data demonstrate that the self-potential method is a useful exploration method to characterize seafloor sulfides localized in inactive hydrothermal fields at mid-ocean ridges.

This paper reports our simulations of the volume emission rate (VER) of the O($^1D$) redline nightglow perturbed by waves traveling across the thermosphere at around 250 km altitude. Waves perturb the electronic and neutral background densities and temperatures in the region and modify the O($^1D$) layer intensity as it is captured by ground-based nightglow instruments. The changes in the integrated volume emission rate are calculated for various vertical wavelengths of the perturbations. We demonstrate that, as the solar activity intensifies, the vertical scales of most likely observable TID waves become larger. For high solar activity, we demonstrate that only waves presenting vertical wavelengths larger than 360 km are likely to be observed. The variation of the range of likely observable vertical wavelengths with the solar cycle offers a plausible explanation for the low occurrence rate of TID in measurements of the redline nightglow during high solar activity periods. We have compared our results with those of \citeA{Negale:2018} and \citeA{Paulino:2018} to verify that observed vertical wavelengths distribute around 140-210 km, in good correspondence with our predicted threshold wavelength $\lambda_{z}^t\sim$160 km for very low solar cycle period.

Defining a baseline for the frequency of off-normal occurrences at underground natural gas storage facilities is critical to maintaining safe operation and to the development of appropriate risk management plans and regulatory approaches. Currently used frequency-estimation methods are broadened to include critical factors of cause, severity, and uncertainty that contribute to risk. A Bayesian probabilistic analysis characterizes the aleatoric historical occurrence frequencies given imperfect sampling. Occurrence frequencies for the three main storage facility types in the United States (depleted oil-and-gas field storage, aquifer storage, solution-mined salt cavern storage) are generally on the order of 3 to 9 x 10–2 occurrences, of all causes (surface, well integrity, subsurface integrity) and severities (nuisance, serious, catastrophic), per facility-year. Loss of well integrity is associated with many, but not all, occurrences either within the subsurface or from there up to the surface. The probability of one serious or catastrophic leakage occurrence to the ground surface within the next 10 years, assuming constant number of facilities, is approximately 0.1–0.3% for any facility type. Storage operators and industry regulators can use occurrence frequencies, their associated probabilities and uncertainties, and forecasts for severity magnitudes to better prioritize resources, establish a baseline against which progress toward achieving a reduction target is measured, and develop more effective mitigation/monitoring/reduction programs in a risk management plan.

Global climate change has greatly increased the drought duration, frequency, and severity of intermittent river ephemeral stream (IRES), affecting the microbial-mediated biogeochemical process. While there is limited information about the responses of community structure and ecosystem functions of benthic biofilms in IRES, especially under the increased drought duration. Here, we focused on the increased drought duration and summarized their effects on the structure and functions of benthic biofilms in IRES. First, the increased dehydration duration led to distinct effects on the α-diversity or β-diversity of benthic microbial communities. The interaction network should be considered in future research as they are essential to maintain biofilm structure and play key roles in the resistance and resilience in biofilm community recovery under hydrological stress. In addition, inconsistent response patterns of the fundamental functions, such as gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, and functional enzymes activity of biofilms were discussed. Besides, the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) of biofilms in IRES deserve more attention due to that their emission flux of biofilms could be significantly altered after prolong dehydration duration with a huge pulse when rewetting. More important, it is ecosystem multifunctionality rather than a single function that needs to be fully considered when studying the microbial functions and the biogeochemical process mediated by biofilms in IRES under increased dehydration duration. Also, more research is needed at larger spatial and longer temporal scales to evaluate the effects from a more macro perspective for better understanding the ecological impacts of increased dehydration duration in IRES ecosystems.