Novel cocoa butter equivalents were designed using dry fractionated Pequi oil and solvent fractionated Kpangnan butter. Static crystallization of binary mixtures of these two fractions into the triclinic form (β2) was achieved after 12 days for all mixtures and after 4 days for the 80:20 w/w and 90:10 w/w fractionated Kpangnan:Pequi oil mixtures. Moreover, after 60 days of storage at 22oC, all binary blends (except 100% fractionated pequi oil and 100% fractionated Kpangnan butter) were crystallized in the most stable triclinic crystal form (β1). Here we also discovered an unusual melting behavior for the fractionaled 30:70 w/w and 20:80 w/w fractionated Kpangnan:Pequi oil mixtures, where after 4 days of static crystallization at room 22oC, these mixtures displayed higher than predicted melting points, 41.89 oC and 33.32 oC, respectively. This suggested a faster kinetics of transformation to the triclinic β2 form for those mixtures. Our results suggest that the 30:70 w/w fractionated Kpangnan:Pequi oil mixture with a melting point of 34oC after 60 days storage at 22oC, a stable triclinic β2 form, and a triglyceride composition of 28% POP, 4.6% POS and 33% SOS displayed solid state characteristics, melting point and crystal structure, of a commercial cocoa butter equivalent.

Silphium integrifolium Michx. (Silflower) has been a promising subject for domestication as a perennial oilseed crop. This work was carried out to investigate the seed processing aspect of this effort. Selected physical properties of the seed were evaluated, seed milling to obtain enriched kernel fraction was conducted, and initial characterization of the seed protein was performed. There was wide variation in flat seed length (11.54 to 20.75 mm), width (4.61 to 11.76 mm), and thickness (0.92 to 1.63 mm). The thousand seed weight was 23.8 g but the tapped bulk density was only 189.58 g/L due to the presence of wing around the seed’s periphery. The kernel accounted for 56.14% of the seed weight and contained 31.00% oil. An enriched kernel fraction with 79.6% purity was obtained by roller-milling, sifting, and air classification. Linoleic (62.3%) and oleic (19.62%) acids were the major fatty acids in the oil. The defatted enriched kernel fraction contained 63.41% crude protein. Globulin, glutelin, albumin, and prolamin accounted for 55.63%, 19.28%, 16.38%, and 8.71% of the soluble proteins, respectively. At an extraction pH of 9, protein solubility was 62%. Maximum solubility (70%) was obtained at pH 10 while minimum solubility of 9% occurred between pH 4 and 5.5. Aside from the oil, the dehulling of silflower seeds also produced a high-protein defatted meal, which may be used as is or as a starting material for enriching the protein further into a protein isolate.

Monoacylglycerol (MAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) are two natural components found in most edible oils and fats. Conventional synthesis of MAG and DAG is usually conducted by glycerolysis of triacylglycerol (TAG) at high temperatures (above 200 °C) in the presence of an alkaline catalyst. In this work, the synthesis of MAG and DAG using enzymatic glycerolysis of olive oil was investigated using Tween 80 as surfactant, n-butanol as co-surfactant and the novel lipase in free/liquid formulation Lipozyme TL 100L as catalyst. Experimental design was used to evaluate the effect of enzyme load and reaction temperature on the feedstock conversion. Enzyme load and system temperature were significant variables in the statistical design and the best condition was found at 35 °C, 7.5 vol% of Lipozyme TL 100 and glycerol to oil molar ratio of 2:1 with conversion of TAG at approximately 98 % after 2 h of process. A mathematical model based on the Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism was used to describe the reaction kinetics. The model adequately described the behavior of the system and can be a useful tool for the design of reactors in larger scales.

Enriching foods with long-chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) requires a delivery emulsion system, which is both thermodynamically and oxidatively stable. The antioxidant and stabilizing properties of three types of polysaccharide extracts from brown algae Saccharina latissima with mixed composition of polysaccharides (SA: 98% Sodium alginate, SF: 90% alginate and 9% fucoidan, SL: 14.5% fucoidan, 9.5% laminarin and co-extracted non-polysaccharides) were evaluated. SA, SF, SL and REF (added commercial sodium alginate) all showed in vitro ferrous ion chelating ability in the order: SA(99%)>SL(78%)>REF(31%)>SF(16%). The difference in antioxidant activity between SA, REF and SF appeared related to structural differences of alginate (M/G ratio). A storage trial was conducted using 70% (w/w) fish oil-in-water delivery emulsions added sodium caseinate (NaCas) (0.23 wt%) as emulsifier in combination with SA, SF, SL or commercial NaAlg (REF) in different concentrations (C1=0.1, C2=0.2 C3=0.3 and C4=0.4 wt%). A control with only NaCas were included (CON). The physical (e.g. creaming and droplet-size distribution) and oxidative (peroxide value and volatiles) stability of the emulsions, were evaluated (12 days, dark at 20˚C). Acceptable physical stability (creaming index, CI) was found for, REF (all concentrations), SF=0.2 wt% (C2), SL and SA=0.3 wt% (C3) and 0.4 wt% (C4). In general, the oxidative stability decreased by adding REF, SA and SF (except for REF at C1), as prooxidant activity was observed. However, SA showed antioxidant activity against formation of 2-ethylfuran. SL showed antioxidant activity in decreasing formation of volatile compounds in emulsions when added in concentrations above 0.2 wt%.

Cannabinoids biosynthesis in phytoplankton has attracted much attention due to the rapid development of genetic tools and the optimization of genetic transformation methods in microalgae. To monitor the biosynthesis process, proper sample preparation and practical instrumental methods are needed to measure the various precursors, intermediates, cannabinoids, and their degradation products. The objective of this study was to develop a sample preparation procedure for the quantification of olivetolic acid (OA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), olivetol (OL), cannabidiol (CBD), and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) using single-quadrupole gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Isochrysis galbana was used as the model matrix. After methanol extraction, samples were purified using solid phase extraction (SPE), silylated with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, and analyzed using GC-MS in electron ionization mode. A strong anion-exchange SPE efficiently recovered OA, CBGA, CBDA, and THCA. A graphitized carbon black SPE was necessary to purify OL, CBD, and THC. Both columns removed amino acids, sugars, polyols, and pigments from the algae extract and prepared samples that are suitable for silylation and GC-MS analysis. The total protocol, including solvent extraction, SPE, silylation, and GC-MS analysis, was validated in accordance with the ICH guidelines. Performance characteristics of our method are superior to existing protocols with similar complexity in the literature.

Oil bodies (OBs) are micron- or submicron-sized sub-organelles widely found in plants seeds and nuts. The structure OBs is composed of a core of triglycerides covered by a phospholipid-protein layer, which ensures the stability of the OBs under extreme environmental conditions and further protects core lipids as energy reserves. As naturally pre-emulsified oil-in-water emulsions, OBs have been gradually applied to replace synthetically engineered oil droplets. In this paper, the recent research on the composition, extraction, stability, delivery system, digestion, food applications and future perspectives of plant OBs are reviewed. Recent studies have focused on the OBs surface protein identification and function, large-scale extraction techniques such as enzyme assisted, high pressure, ultrasound, and extrusion and the reconstituted OBs. Electrostatic deposition of polysaccharides significantly improves the stability of OBs emulsions. OBs emulsions have promising applications to encapsulate bioactive compounds, deliver targeted drugs, and prepare gels and edible functional films. The digestive behavior of OBs emulsions is similar to that of protein-stabilized emulsions, which can increase the satiety, effectively help reduce calorie intake and improve the bioavailability of functional factors. It has also promoted the development of simulated dairy, spices and meat products.

An international robin round was carried out to validate a method for the quantification of 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD), 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol (Glycidol) being present as fatty acid esters in plant-based food emulsifiers. The evaluated method was a modification of the American Oil Chemist´s Society (AOCS) Official Method Cd29b-13. Briefly, this method consists from parallel analysis of two sample aliquots that are spiked with different sets of internal standards. Mild alkaline interesterification overnight in the freezer releases the core analytes. Reaction stop and glycidol conversion into monobromopropanediol (MBPD) is realised by addition of acidified sodium bromide solution. Subsequently, matrix removal and analyte extraction are achieved by two liquid/liquid (l/l) extraction steps. After derivatisation with phenylboronic acid (PBA) the final extracts are analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantification is carried out by internal one-point-calibration. 6 laboratories from 4 European countries participated in the trial and reported 8 data sets for 10 test materials (mono- and diacylglycerides as well as polyglycerol polyricinoleates) that were analysed as blind duplicates, giving a total of 20 samples. Result outliers were eliminated according to accepted standards. At 2-MCPD levels above 0.02 mg/kg, 3-MCPD levels above 0.06 mg/kg and glycidol levels above 0.22 mg/kg repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 1.5 % to 24.9 %, reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 7.8 % to 29.0 % and HORRATR-values ranged from 0.5 to 1.7. The tested method showed to be suitable for the determination of 2-MCPD, 3-MCPD and glycidol in food emulsifiers consisting from mono- and diacylglycerides as well as polyglycerol polyricinoleates.

In this study, it was investigated to increase the lipid yield of the microalgae Schizochytrium sp., by applying different cell disruption methods. Therefore, acid treatment with HCl, osmotic shock, enzyme applications and ultrasonic homogenizer were tried in this algae species combined with the Bligh and Dyer and Soxhlet methods as an alternative to classical lipid extraction methods. As a result of the study, the highest lipid value (21.72 ± 0.74%) was obtained in enzyme application with Bligh and Dyer method (BDE). The cell disruption processes increased the lipid yield compared to the control groups. The highest PUFA DHA was found in the range of 4.58 ± 2.44-19.25 ± 0.09%, and the highest value was observed in the BDE group. Highest SFA was palmitic acid. Effective results were observed in the Bligh and Dyer applied groups in terms of both total lipid and total fatty acids. In cell disruption methods, particularly in enzyme and HCl extraction, good results were obtained in terms of fatty acids. The highest total fatty acids and the highest lipid content were detected in the Bligh and Dyer enzyme (BDE). Enzyme applications are also advantageous because of being environmentally friendly. Lipid health indices such as n-6/n-3, PUFA/SFA, Atherogenicity index (AI), Thrombogenicity index (TI) and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratios (HH) were almost favorable. With this study, an appropriate lipid extraction methods were determined to provide an economical and environmental friendly suggestion for future studies to be used in areas such as food, feed and cosmetics.

In 1990, a well-known model to predict pure component properties of triglycerides was presented by Wesdorp in “Liquid-multiple solid phase equilibria in fats: theory and experiments” and has been shown to perform well despite making thermodynamically inconsistent predictions for certain test cases. In this study, the underlying parameter set is improved to deliver more physically consistent predictions, i.e., increasing melting point and enthalpy of fusion with increasing stability of the polymorphs, without deterioration of the primary model quality to describe the available experimental data. Interestingly, when a curated dataset containing only thermodynamically consistent data is compared to a broader dataset, it appears that the model’s efficacy is highly dependent on the quantity of data, specifically the number of unsaturated triglycerides data. Quality and thermodynamic consistency of model predictions and the condition of a reliable description of monoacid triglycerides as a subset is discussed, addressing a potential interdependence.

The utilization and popularization of biodiesel are always limited by its poor cold flow properties. Both bio-based alcohol and diesel from direct coal liquefaction (DDCL) has potential to enhance the cold flow properties of biodiesel. Ternary blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (BWCO) with DDCL and bio-based ethanol (ET) or 1-butanol (BT) for improving the cold flow properties of biodiesel. The pour point (PP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), and cloud point (CP) of BWCO-ET, BWCO-BT, and BWCO-DDCL binary blends, and BWCO-ET-DDCL and BWCO-BT-DDCL ternary blends were comparatively assessed. Ternary phase diagrams were also applied into analyze the blending effect of the three components on the cold flow properties of biodiesel. Results showed that both DDCL, ET and BT can remarkably enhance the cold flow properties of BWCO. BT and DDCL presented a better synergistic depression effect. For ternary blends in 20:10:70 blending ratio, BWCO-BT-DDCL exhibited the lowest PP, CFPP, and CP of −23 °C, −19 °C, and −17 °C, respectively. The crystallization behavior and crystal morphology of blended fuels are also observed via a polarizing optical microscope, and find that DDCL together with BT in biodiesel can effectively retard the aggregation of large crystals and inhibit crystals growth.

De-oiled canola meals are sources of protein-containing flavor-active phenolic compounds. Conventional canola oil processing utilizes an excess amount of solvents and is associated with the release of high-intensity bitter flavor-active phenolic compounds, limiting the use of the canola meal. Recent advances in the extraction and isolation of the bitter favor-active phenolic compounds from canola by-products produce protein isolates, however, would benefit the industry by producing a side-stream ingredient rich in phenolics. High temperature and pressure-aided processing, namely the accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was investigated to extract the flavor-active bitter molecules from the canola meal. The extractability of flavor-active phenolic compounds including the major sinapates, kaempferol derivatives, and other thermo-generative compounds including thomasidioc acid (TA) was evaluated. The effects of temperature, solvent extractant and concentration, and the particle size of the meal, were examined on the extraction efficiency of these phenolic compounds. Extraction temperature (180oC) was the primary determinant (p<0.05) for the attenuation of major sinapates including sinapine and sinapic acid. Both ethanol and methanol extractants at a concentration of 70% (v/v) significantly (p<0.05) extracted the flavor-active phenolic compounds. The pressurized high temperature through optimized ASE conditions attenuated the bitter undesirable flavor-active phenolic molecules from canola meal thereby facilitating a potential value-added phenolic-rich by-product.

Oleosins are mandatory to avoid coalescence of oil bodies (OBs), so commercial proteases are used to efficiently demulsify OBs into food oil. However, the commercial proteases and pH regulators (acid and alkali) greatly restrict this method in industry. In this study, aspartic endopeptidases, subtilisin-like proteases, metalloendopeptidase, and serine carboxypeptidases were identified in isolated sesame OBs by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Tricine–sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and protease inhibitor assay revealed that aspartic endopeptidases exerted high activity against oleosins in a pH range of 3−6 and a temperature range of 40−70 °C, while subtilisin-like proteases exhibited sharp optimum at pH 5. Metalloendopeptidase contributed to the low activity against oleosins at pH 7−9. Trichloroacetic acid–nitrogen soluble index and free amino acid analyses quantitatively revealed that the activity of serine carboxypeptidases was high at pH 3−5, and optimal at pH 4; the combined activity of aspartic endopeptidases and subtilisin-like proteases was optimal at pH 5. By incubating the isolated sesame OBs at pH 5 and 60 °C for 2 h, approximately 97% of total lipids were recovered as free oil. At last, LC−MS/MS analysis gave deep insight into the intrinsic proteins of sesame OBs: three kinds of oleosins with molecular weights around 17 kDa, and four kinds around 15 kDa; besides 27 kDa caleosin, four kinds of oil body-associated proteins and one kind of peroxygenase-like protein also around 27 kDa; in addition to 39 kDa steroleosin, 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-like 6 also around 39 kDa.

The first part of this study showed that the triglyceride composition of purified oils has little impact on sterol/sterol ester oleogels. Hence, changes in the gels’ properties observed in previous studies must arise from minor polar components, particularly by changing the interactions within the fibrillar network. Selected molecules (oleic acid, tocopheryl acetate, monoglycerides, and water) were added to three purified oils to unravel the individual contributions introduced by different functional groups. While all additives retarded the molecular self-assembly of sitosterol with oryzanol, distinct effects were found for gel hardness, transition temperatures and enthalpies, strain sweep responses, and microstructure. It was discovered that the maximum storage modulus in the linear viscoelastic region does not necessarily relate to the gels’ compression firmness. In samples comprising oleic acid and tocopheryl acetate, discrete interaction mechanisms with the scaffolding elements were suggested since results between the two additives developed differently and were dose-dependent. A network supporting effect was suggested at low concentrations, in line with previous results for oils comprising low levels of thermal deterioration products. The microstructure of oleogels was considerably modified with additives. Unfortunately, effects are difficult to quantify due to the packed surface observed in AFM micrographs.

The role of solvent composition, in particular, minor oil components on sterol/sterol ester oleogels, has been studied recently [1]. Reportedly, deterioration products hamper network formation and modify the gel’s macroscopic properties, probably due to alterations of the scaffolding elements’ interactions. However, the role of the FA composition of TAGs has not yet been addressed. In this study, minor oil components of three vegetable oils with varying degrees of unsaturation (iodine values) were removed, and the oils were chemically and physically characterized before and after the treatment. Consequently, β sitostero/γ-oryzanol oleogels were produced, and the gel-sol (DSC) and sol-gel (rheology) transitions were monitored. Moreover, large and small deformation tests were performed, and the results were linked to oil parameters. In contrast to minor oil components, the FA composition has little impact on oleogel properties. The decline in gel hardness with IV is possibly linked to a lower solvent viscosity. However, a considerable drop in gel-sol transition temperature was observed with increasing IV indicating fewer elements of scaffolding. That was linked to the rapid formation of primary oxidation products in purified flaxseed oil during oleogel preparation, impairing tube formation. Similar to previous results on deterioration products, these minor components seem to aid network strength at low concentrations resulting in similar transition enthalpies and G’. That might be due to shifted network interactions in the presence of molecular species with functional groups. In the second part of this study, these modified interactions in the presence of selected minor components will be discussed.

A non-refined, organic pumpkin seed oil (PSO) was chosen for the isolation and structure verification of the rare vitamin E compound γ-tocomonoenol (γ-T1). Initial measurements indicated the presence of ~0.4 mg γ-T1 per 100 g pumpkin seed oil. Saponification of ~2 L pumpkin seed oil, followed by repeated countercurrent chromatography (CCC) with the solvent system n-hexane/benzotrifluoride/acetonitrile (10:3.5:6.5, v/v/v) and silica gel column chromatography enabled the isolation of 6.8 mg γ-T1 with a purity of 96.0%. Structural analysis by 1H NMR spectroscopy and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of the γ-T1 isolate confirmed the presence of a double bond in C-11´-position (11´-γ-tocomonoenol). Next to γ-T1, CCC fractionation enabled the detection of 18 different tocochromanols, many of which were reported for the first time in pumpkin seed oil. This unmatched variety covered among others α-/γ-tocopherol, α-/γ-tocomonoenol, two α- and two γ-tocodienol isomers, α-/γ-tocotrienol as well as the rare 11´-β-tocomonoenol (β-T1) and δ-T1. Three uncommon tocochromanols were also detected whose origins and structure remained unclear.

The photoprotective skincare products are in high demand to meet the consumer market with concern on skin health. Seed oils are commonly used as ingredients in many cosmetic products due to their natural antioxidants and now being increasingly recognised for their effects on skin health and photoprotection. This article briefly reviews the application of seed oils in sunscreen development focusing on the antioxidants that contribute to photoprotection, thus preventing UV-induced erythema and photoaging. The addition of seed oils that contain specific natural bioactive compounds were discussed in the review. Besides that, seed oils acting in molecular pathways that benefit in photoprotection were also summarized. Seed oils (pomegranate seed oil, castor oil, cocoa butter, jojoba oil, rosehip oil, grapeseed oil, kenaf seed oil and pumpkin seed oil) utilization have high potential to act as natural UV filters and at the same time help in skin repairing. The seed oils contributed beneficial properties to the sunscreen formulation by their synergistic effect with antioxidants, antiaging properties, anti-inflammatory effect, and potential hormetic effect. The finding of specific bioactive compound from seed oils provide better understanding on the contribution of seed oils in sunscreen formulation.

Odd chain fatty acids (C15:0 and C17:0) from dairy fat as well as odd chain phenolic lipids (alkylresorcinols) from whole grain are commonly reviewed as candidate biomarkers for dietary analysis and their ingestion are inversely related to chronic disease risks. Therefore, low levels of dietary intake of these odd chain molecules may be related to higher risk of physiological states that cause chronic diseases or mortality. It is a prerequisite to examine and understand their main role in beneficial health effects in disease prevention. We propose odd chain fatty acids (OC-FA) and most importantly odd chain phenolic lipids (OC-PL) as potential essential dietary compounds since they play key roles in physiological mechanisms. This review evaluates potential roles of OC-FA and OC-PL in mitigating chronic diseases in vitro and in vivo studies to support our hypothesis for odd chain molecules as essential dietary lipids. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between reduced intake of OC-FA and OC-PL containing foods and susceptibilities to chronic diseases.

Seeds of Lithospermum officinale L. from different climatic zones were analyzed looking for new sources γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6) and stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n-3). Cultured B. officinalis was also analyzed with comparative purposes. Analyses were conducted for fatty acid (FA) profiles in the whole seeds and in the neutral and polar lipids by GC; lipid classes by open column chromatography and preparative TLC; and tocopherols, sterols and phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD, and the later compounds were confirmed by LC-MS. The richest GLA sample was L. officinale from St. Petersburg Botanical Garden (17.9% of total FA), while wild-growing L. officinale from the Rostov region showed the highest percentage of SDA (17.2% of total FA). Total FA content ranged from 11.3 to 20.8% of seed weight. Neutral and polar lipids accounted for ~98 and 2.27% of total lipids. Five neutral lipid classes were identified (% of NL): triterpene esters, 1.3; triacylglycerols, 93.1; free FA, 1.8; diacylglycerols, 1.4; and monoacylglycerols, 2.4. Tocopherols and sterols reached 35.7 and 83.8 mg/100 g seeds; γ-tocopherol was the main tocopherol detected, and Δ5-avenasterol was the predominant sterol. L. officinale seeds contain high amounts of phenolic compounds (389.9 mg/100 g as upper limit), in which rosmarinic acid was the main component. Overall, all data suggest the possibility of using L. officinale seed oil in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulae and as functional food.