Reduction in the Tropical High Cloud Fraction in Response to an Indirect
Weakening of the Hadley Cell
Abstract
Tropical high cloud cover decreases with surface warming in most general
circulation models. This reduction, according to the “stability-iris”
hypothesis, is thermodynamically controlled and linked to a decrease in
the radiatively-driven clear-sky convergence, when the peak anvil clouds
rise because of the rising isotherms. The influence of the large-scale
dynamical changes on the tropical high cloud fraction remains difficult
to disentangle from the local thermodynamic influence, given that the
mean meridional circulation remains inextricably tied to the local
thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere. However, using idealized
general circulation model (GCM) simulations, we propose a novel method
to segregate the dynamical impact from the thermodynamic impact on the
tropical high cloud fraction. To this end, our investigation primarily
focuses on the mechanisms underpinning changes in the high cloud cover
in the deep tropics in response to extratropical surface warming, when
tropical sea surface temperatures remain invariant. We find that the
relative importance of the net convective detrainment of ice cloud
condensates to the cloud microphysical processes, such as the net
depositional growth of ice aggregates, in controlling the tropical high
cloud fraction is altitude-dependent.