Supervised Machine Learning of High Rate GNSS Velocities for Earthquake
Strong Motion Signals.
Abstract
High rate Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) deformation time
series capture a broad spectrum of earthquake strong motion signals for
rapid contributions to hazard warnings and assessment, but experience
regular sporadic noise that can be difficult to distinguish from true
seismic signals. Previous studies developed methods for automatically
detecting these signals but most rely on various external inputs to
differentiate true signal from noise. In this study we generated a
dataset of high rate GNSS time differenced carrier phase (TDCP) velocity
time series concurrent in space and time with expected seismic surface
waves from known seismic events. TDCP velocity processing has increased
sensitivity relative to traditional geodetic displacement processing
without requiring sophisticated corrections. We trained, validated and
tested a random forest machine learning classifier. We find our
supervised random forest classifier outperforms the existing detection
methods in stand-alone mode by combining frequency and time domain
features into decision criteria. We optimized the classifier on a
balance of sensitivity and false alerting. Within a 100km epicentral
radius, the classifier automatically detects 86% of events greater than
MW5.0 and 98% of events greater than MW6.0. The classifier model has
typical detection latencies seconds behind S-wave arrivals when run in
real-time mode on “unseen” events. We conclude the performance of this
model provides sufficient confidence to enable these valuable ground
motion measurements to run in stand-alone mode for development of edge
processing, geodetic infrastructure monitoring and inclusion in
operational ground motion observations and models.