A Compact Solution for Improving the Spatial Density of Observations of
Large Ground Level Enhancements
Abstract
Ground level enhancements (GLEs), which occur when high energy solar
protons reach Earth, are a considerable space weather hazard for
aviation activities. Neutron monitor (NM) observations of these events
are the key input to operational models of ionising radiation at
aviation altitudes. Similarly, the NM data is key to techniques for
deriving anisotropic solar proton spectra during GLEs. A higher density
of observations is desirable for both purposes. In this paper, a simple
way of improving the density of observations is presented: the compact
neutron monitor (CNM). This monitor uses the same detectors as soil
moisture sensing networks. Three years of data from the CNM located in
Guildford, UK, is shown presented. The solar cycle variation in cosmic
rays is observed, alongside 4 Forbush decreases of varying magnitude. No
GLEs were observed during this time, due to a lack of any events of
sufficient magnitude to be observed. A future CNM station near Lerwick,
UK is briefly described in addition to the Guildford station. The
implications of the observations to date are discussed in the context of
GLE detection. The CNM is complimentary to existing and emerging NM
designs, and may be suitable for use as a reference point for the soil
moisture monitoring networks. The suitability of the CNM to GLE
detection can be extrapolated to the soil moisture networks in the case
of large GLEs; in the event of one occurring, the data may provide
unprecedented spatial resolution.