How quantitative is the metabarcoding approach to volumetric diet? An
experimental assessment with captive top predators and four different
blocking primer concentrations.
Abstract
The study of diet is central to wildlife ecology, management and
conservation. Metabarcoding increased the capability to identify species
contributing to wildlife diet and blocking primers can maximize the
detection of prey. Relative read abundance (RRA) of different prey
species has been used as semi-quantitative approach, assuming that RRA
reflects species contribution to diet. However, this approach has been
contested and it is unclear how blocking primers might affect the
result. We tested accuracy of RRA to estimate diet by feeding captive
wolves six different diets. We analyzed samples without and with four
blocking primer concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20x) to provide insight
into the validity of the semi-quantitative metabarcoding approach and
the influence of blocking primer in results. RRA produced a highly
accurate representation of actual contribution to diet, that was best
without blocking primer (0.775 ± 0.033; P <0.001; R2=0.815) with
no difference in the number of diet items detected when compared with
analyses with blocking primer. Adding blocking primer resulted in higher
proportions of reads of diet items, as opposed to wolf sequences, but
did not increase the probability of detecting diet components, increased
detections of items not fed to wolves, and produced slightly less
accurate estimates of diet composition. Finally, resampling suggested
that sample sizes beyond 30 scats reduced the variation in results.
While our results are promising and support the use of metabarcoding to
determine volumetric contribution of items to diet, caution and further
research are needed before safe extrapolation to filed studies.