Modulation of the Observed Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation over the
Maritime Continent by the Madden-Julian Oscillation
Abstract
The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) exerts a downscale influence on the
diurnal cycle (DC) of precipitation over the Maritime Continent (MC). We
assess the characteristics of this downscale influence in GPM-IMERG data
across the western MC, comparing the MJO cycles of daily-mean
precipitation, DC amplitude, DC timing and additional diurnal
characteristics. During a typical MJO event, islands and surrounding
waters experience their greatest DC amplitude 2–4 days ahead of their
greatest daily-mean precipitation. The MJO has a greater influence on
daily-mean precipitation over water and on DC amplitude over land.
Greatest DC amplitude over land leads greatest DC amplitude over
surrounding waters by 3–6 days. DC timing varies systematically by MJO
phase in most locations, particularly eastern Sumatra, eastern Borneo
and the eastern Makassar Strait where the diurnal maximum may
systematically vary in timing by over four hours. Over these regions,
the diurnal maximum propagates westward before, and eastward after, the
active MJO crosses the western MC. As the active MJO crosses, the
diurnal maximum gets earlier across western land on large islands, and
later across eastern land, creating a west–east regime divide in DC
timing variability. Additional diurnal characteristics quantify further
changes in the nature of the diurnal oscillation. MJO-induced changes in
the diurnal timing of convective cloud cover may influence local
radiation budgets. These results provide a detailed benchmark for the
modulation of the DC by the MJO against which this scale interaction in
models may be assessed.