Modelling the impact of the bidirectional exchange of NH3 from the Great
Lakes on a regional and local scale using GEM-MACH
Abstract
Ammonia emissions from oceans are recognized as one of the most
significant natural sources of ammonia globally; however, freshwater
sources are rarely considered significant. The Great Lakes region,
containing the largest network of freshwater lakes in the world, and a
significant urbanized population exceeding 20 million, provides a unique
opportunity to evaluate the potential for lacustrine surfaces to
contribute to regional ammonia levels. In this work, we combine an
analysis of 20 years of water quality data from the Great Lakes region
and local water measurements near the Greater Toronto Area with the
GEM-MACH (Global Environmental Multiscale model – Modelling Air quality
and CHemistry) chemical transport model to examine the influence of the
Great Lakes on atmospheric ammonia. This analysis demonstrates that
while regional ammonia levels are largely controlled by known
terrestrial anthropogenic sources, lacustrine emissions increase
summertime (July – September) monthly average NH3 levels by 5 – 8%
over the largest regional urban centers, with daily increases of up to
10 – 20%, confirming that the Great Lakes represent a regionally
significant natural source of ammonia to the atmosphere.