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First Time-Resolved Leader Spectra associated with a Downward Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flash detected at the Telescope Array Surface Detector
  • +139
  • Ny Thi Kieu,
  • R. U. Abbasi,
  • Marcelo Magalhães Fares Saba,
  • John Belz,
  • ‪Paul Krehbiel‬,
  • Mark A. Stanley,
  • F. J Gordillo-Vazquez,
  • María Passas-Varo,
  • Tom A. Warner,
  • William Rison,
  • Daniel Rodeheffer,
  • Diego Rhamon Reis da Silva,
  • Mazzucco Davide,
  • Knight Tyler,
  • Ivan Toucedo Cruz,
  • Jackson R. Remington,
  • Mazich Joe,
  • Ryan LeVon,
  • K. Smout,
  • A. Petrizze,
  • T. Abu-Zayyad,
  • Monica Allen,
  • D.R. Bergman,
  • I. Buckland,
  • William Campbell,
  • B.G. Cheon,
  • K. Endo,
  • A. Fedynitch,
  • T. Fujii,
  • K. Fujisue,
  • K. Fujita,
  • M. Fukushima,
  • Greg Furlich,
  • Z. Gerber,
  • N. Globus,
  • William Hanlon,
  • N. Hayashida,
  • H. He,
  • K. Hibino,
  • R. Higuchi,
  • Daisuke Ikeda,
  • Takaaki Ishii,
  • Dmitry Ivanov,
  • S. Jeong,
  • C.C.H. Jui,
  • K. Kadota,
  • F. Kakimoto,
  • O. Kalashev,
  • Katsuaki Kasahara,
  • Y. Kawachi,
  • K. Kawata,
  • I. Kharuk,
  • E. Kido,
  • H.B. Kim,
  • J.H. Kim,
  • J.H. Kim,
  • S.W. Kim,
  • R. Kobo,
  • I. Komae,
  • K. Komatsu,
  • K. Komori,
  • C. Koyama,
  • M. Kudenko,
  • M. Kuroiwa,
  • Y. Kusumori,
  • M. Kuznetsov,
  • Y.J. Kwon,
  • K. H. Lee,
  • M.J. Lee,
  • B. Lubsandorzhiev,
  • J.P. Lundquist,
  • A. Matsuzawa,
  • J.A Mathews,
  • J.N. Mathews,
  • K. Mizuno,
  • M. Mori,
  • M. Murakami,
  • S. Nagataki,
  • M. Nakahara,
  • Tohru Nakamura,
  • T. Nakayama,
  • Y. Nakayama,
  • Toshiyuki Nonaka,
  • S. Ogio,
  • H. Ohoka,
  • N. Okazaki,
  • M Onishi,
  • A. Oshima,
  • H. Oshima,
  • S. Ozawa,
  • I. H. Park,
  • K.Y. Park,
  • M. Potts,
  • M. Przybylak,
  • Maxim S. Pshirkov,
  • Carsten Rott,
  • Grigory Rubtsov,
  • Dongsu Ryu,
  • H. Sagawa,
  • N. Sakaki,
  • R. Sakamoto,
  • T. Sako,
  • N. Sakurai,
  • S. Sakurai,
  • D. Sato,
  • S. Sato,
  • K. Sekino,
  • T. Shibata,
  • J. Shikita,
  • H. Shimodaira,
  • B.K. Shin,
  • H.S. Shin,
  • K. Shinozaki,
  • J.D. Smith,
  • Pierre Sokolsky,
  • B.T. Stokes,
  • T.A. Stroman,
  • Y. Takagi,
  • K. Takahashi,
  • M. Takeda,
  • R. Takeishi,
  • Akimichi Taketa,
  • M. Takita,
  • Yuichiro Tameda,
  • K. Tanaka,
  • Manobu M Tanaka,
  • S.B. Thomas,
  • G.B. Thomson,
  • P. Tinyakov,
  • I. Tkachev,
  • T. Tomida,
  • S. Troitsky,
  • Y. Tsunesada,
  • S. Udo,
  • F. Urban,
  • I.A. Vaiman,
  • M. Vrábel,
  • Donald Warren,
  • Katsuya Yamazaki,
  • Y. Zhezher,
  • Z. Zundel,
  • J. Zvirzdin
Ny Thi Kieu
Loyola University Chicago

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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R. U. Abbasi
Loyola University Chicago
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Marcelo Magalhães Fares Saba
INPE - National Institute for Space Research
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John Belz
University of Utah
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‪Paul Krehbiel‬
New Mexico Tech
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Mark A. Stanley
LANL
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F. J Gordillo-Vazquez
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC
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María Passas-Varo
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
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Tom A. Warner
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
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William Rison
New Mexico Tech
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Daniel Rodeheffer
LMA Technologies, LLC
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Diego Rhamon Reis da Silva
National Institute for Space Research (INPE)
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Mazzucco Davide
Loyola University Chicago
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Knight Tyler
Loyola University Chicago
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Ivan Toucedo Cruz
INPE - National Institute for Space Research
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Jackson R. Remington
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
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Mazich Joe
Loyola University Chicago
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Ryan LeVon
University of Utah
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K. Smout
University of Utah
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A. Petrizze
University of Utah
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T. Abu-Zayyad
Loyola University Chicago
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Monica Allen
University of Utah
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D.R. Bergman
University of Utah
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I. Buckland
University of Utah
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William Campbell
University of Utah
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B.G. Cheon
Hanyang University
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K. Endo
Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University
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A. Fedynitch
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo
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T. Fujii
Kyoto University
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K. Fujisue
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo
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K. Fujita
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, the University of Tokyo
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M. Fukushima
University of Tokyo
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Greg Furlich
University of Utah
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Z. Gerber
University of Utah
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N. Globus
Astrophysical Big Bang Laboratory, RIKEN
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William Hanlon
University of Utah
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N. Hayashida
Kanagawa University
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H. He
Astrophysical Big Bang Laboratory, RIKEN,
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K. Hibino
Kanagawa University
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R. Higuchi
Astrophysical Big Bang Laboratory, RIKEN
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Daisuke Ikeda
Kanagawa University
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Takaaki Ishii
University of Yamanashi
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Dmitry Ivanov
Volga State University of Technology
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S. Jeong
SungKyunKwan University
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C.C.H. Jui
University of Utah
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K. Kadota
Tokyo City University
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F. Kakimoto
Kanagawa University
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O. Kalashev
Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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Katsuaki Kasahara
Shibaura Institute of Technology
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Y. Kawachi
Osaka Metropolitan University
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K. Kawata
ICRR, University of Tokyo
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I. Kharuk
Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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E. Kido
Astrophysical Big Bang Laboratory, RIKEN
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H.B. Kim
Hanyang University
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J.H. Kim
University of Utah
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J.H. Kim
University of Utah
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S.W. Kim
Department of Physics, SungKyunKwan University,
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R. Kobo
Osaka Metropolitan University
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I. Komae
Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University
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K. Komatsu
Shinshu University
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K. Komori
Osaka Electro-Communication University
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C. Koyama
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo
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M. Kudenko
Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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M. Kuroiwa
Shinshu University
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Y. Kusumori
Osaka Electro-Communication University
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M. Kuznetsov
Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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Y.J. Kwon
Yonsei University
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K. H. Lee
Sungkyunkwan University
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M.J. Lee
Sungkyunkwan University
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B. Lubsandorzhiev
Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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J.P. Lundquist
Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica
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A. Matsuzawa
Shinshu University
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J.A Mathews
University of Utah
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J.N. Mathews
University of Utah
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K. Mizuno
Shinshu University
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M. Mori
Osaka Electro-Communication University
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M. Murakami
Osaka Electro-Communication University
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S. Nagataki
RIKEN
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M. Nakahara
Osaka Metropolitan University
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Tohru Nakamura
Kochi University
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T. Nakayama
Shinshu University
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Y. Nakayama
Osaka Electro-Communication University
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Toshiyuki Nonaka
University of Tokyo
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S. Ogio
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa,
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H. Ohoka
University of Tokyo
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N. Okazaki
University of Tokyo
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M Onishi
University of Tokyo
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A. Oshima
College of Engineering, Chubu University
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H. Oshima
University of Tokyo
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S. Ozawa
Quantum ICT Advanced Development Center, National Institute for Information and Communications Technology
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I. H. Park
Sungkyunkwan University
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K.Y. Park
Hanyang University
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M. Potts
University of Utah
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M. Przybylak
Astrophysics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research
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Maxim S. Pshirkov
Lomonosov Moscow State University
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Carsten Rott
University of Utah
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Grigory Rubtsov
INR RAS
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Dongsu Ryu
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
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H. Sagawa
University of Tokyo
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N. Sakaki
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo
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R. Sakamoto
Osaka Electro-Communication University
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T. Sako
University of Tokyo
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N. Sakurai
Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University
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S. Sakurai
Osaka Metropolitan University
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D. Sato
Shinshu University
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S. Sato
Osaka Electro-Communication University
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K. Sekino
University of Tokyo
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T. Shibata
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo
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J. Shikita
Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University
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H. Shimodaira
University of Tokyo
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B.K. Shin
Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
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H.S. Shin
Osaka Metropolitan University
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K. Shinozaki
Astrophysics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research
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J.D. Smith
University of Utah
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Pierre Sokolsky
University of Utah
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B.T. Stokes
University of Utah
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T.A. Stroman
University of Utah
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Y. Takagi
Osaka Electro-Communication University
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K. Takahashi
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo
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M. Takeda
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo
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R. Takeishi
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo
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Akimichi Taketa
University of Tokyo
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M. Takita
University of Tokyo
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Yuichiro Tameda
Osaka Electro-Communication University
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K. Tanaka
Graduate School of Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University
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Manobu M Tanaka
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
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S.B. Thomas
University of Utah
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G.B. Thomson
University of Utah
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P. Tinyakov
Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
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I. Tkachev
Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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T. Tomida
Shinshu University
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S. Troitsky
Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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Y. Tsunesada
Osaka Metropolitan University
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S. Udo
Kanagawa University
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F. Urban
CEICO, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences
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I.A. Vaiman
Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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M. Vrábel
Astrophysics Division, National Centre for Nuclear Research
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Donald Warren
Florida Institute of Technology
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Katsuya Yamazaki
Chubu University
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Y. Zhezher
Institute for Nuclear Research
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Z. Zundel
University of Utah
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J. Zvirzdin
University of Utah
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Abstract

Optical emissions associated with Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) have recently become important subjects in space-based and ground-based observations since these emissions play crucial roles in understanding the generation of TGFs during thunderstorms. In this paper, we present the first time-resolved leader spectra of the optical component associated with a downward TGF. The TGF was observed at the Telescope Array Surface Detector (TASD) simultaneously with other lightning detectors, including a Lightning Mapping Array (LMA), an INTerFerometer (INTF), a Fast Antenna (FA), and a spectroscopic system. The spectroscopic system recorded leader spectra at 29,900 frames per second (33.44 $\mu$s time resolution), covering a spectral range from 400 nm to 900 nm, with 2.1 nm per pixel. The recordings of the leader spectra began 11.7 ms before the $-18$ kA return stroke and at a height of 2.37 km above the ground. These spectra reveal that optical emissions of singly-ionized nitrogen and oxygen occur between 167 $\mu$s before and 267 $\mu$s after the TGF detection, while optical emissions of neutrals (H I, 656 nm; N I, 744 nm, and O I, 777 nm) occur right at the moment of the detection. The time-dependent spectra reveal differences in the optical emissions of lightning leaders with and without downward TGFs.
14 Jun 2024Submitted to ESS Open Archive
24 Jun 2024Published in ESS Open Archive