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Functional traits and habitat types rather than elevation predispose an African cycad to pre-dispersal seed predations
  • Kantakwa Sadiki,
  • Kowiyou Yessoufou,
  • Terence Suinyuy
Kantakwa Sadiki
University of Johannesburg - Auckland Park Kingsway Campus
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Kowiyou Yessoufou
University of Johannesburg

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Terence Suinyuy
University of Mpumalanga - Mbombela Campus
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Abstract

The genus Encephalartos is entirely endemic to Africa. Like most cycad species, the genus is at risk of extinction. One of the threats jeopardizing the future of the genus is reproduction failure. Our objective is to investigate what predisposes Encephalartos species to reproduction failure. We collected functional traits of 430 individuals of Encephalartos villosus, including pre-dispersal seed predation and habitat types and elevation in Origi Gorge Nature Reserve in South Africa. Then, we analysed our data by fitting a structural equation model (SEM). Surprisingly, elevation does not predict pre-dispersal seed predations, adding to the inconsistent effects of elevation on seed predation. However, there was evidence of more predated seeds on plants with more leaves, fitting the patterns of resource concentration hypothesis which predicts more insect herbivores, particularly specialist herbivores, where food resources (e.g., leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds) are abundant. We also found that more predated seeds are in open habitats, perhaps mirroring the specialist feeding behaviour of the weevil Antliarhinus zamiae feeding on the seeds of Encephalartos spp. Furthermore, taller plants tend to bear more predated seeds, potentially because taller plants are easy located by the weevil. Finally, large canopy correlates negatively with predated seeds, mirroring our finding of increased seed predation in open habitats. Our SEM explains 67% of the variations in pre-dispersal seed predations, suggesting that this metamodel provides insights into the predisposition of cycad seed to predations. Since open habitats correlate with more seed predation, we suggest that anthropogenic activities that contribute to open forest must be avoided if we are to limit seed predations.
08 Mar 2024Submitted to Ecology and Evolution
13 Mar 2024Reviewer(s) Assigned
16 Apr 2024Editorial Decision: Revise Minor
31 Jul 20241st Revision Received
01 Aug 2024Assigned to Editor
01 Aug 2024Submission Checks Completed
01 Aug 2024Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
09 Aug 2024Editorial Decision: Accept