Constraining the uncertainty associated with sea salt aerosol
parameterizations in global models using nudged UKESM1-AMIP simulations
Abstract
Sea salt is the largest source of natural aerosol in the atmosphere by
mass. Formed when ocean waves break and bubbles burst, sea salt aerosols
(SSA) influence Earth’s climate via direct and indirect processes.
Models participating in the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison project
(CMIP6) demonstrate a negative effective radiative forcing when SSA
emissions are doubled. However, the magnitude of the effective radiative
forcing ranges widely from
-0.35 +/- 0.04 W/m^2 to
-2.28 +/- 0.07 W/m^2,
with the largest difference over the Southern Ocean. Differences in the
response to doubled SSA emissions arise from model uncertainty (e.g.
individual model physics, aerosol size distribution) and
parameterization uncertainty (e.g. how SSA is produced in the model).
Here, we perform single-model experiments with UKESM1-AMIP incorporating
all of the SSA parameterizations used by the current generation of CMIP6
Earth system models. Using a fixed SSA size distribution, our
experiments show that the parameterization uncertainty causes large
inter-model diversity in SSA emissions in the models, particularly over
the tropics and the Southern Ocean. The choice of parameterization
influences the ambient aerosol size distribution, cloud condensation
nuclei and cloud droplet number concentrations, and therefore direct and
indirect radiative forcing. We recommend that modelling groups evaluate
their SSA parameterizations and update them where necessary in
preparation for future model intercomparison activities