Factor XIII Deficiency Presenting with Duodenal Hematoma in a 3-Year-Old Female: A Comprehensive Radiological Assessment

A document by Muhammad Nadeem Ahmad. Click on the document to view its contents.

A document by Muhammad Nadeem Ahmad. Click on the document to view its contents.

1 INTRODUCTIONKawasaki Disease (KD) is a rare entity but one of the most common pediatric vasculitis. It predominantly affects the pediatric population, generally before the age of 5 years with coronary artery aneurysms being the most feared complication; however, due to the broader disease spectrum, patients can present with diverse clinical presentations [1]. Coronary aneurysms generally develop after two weeks of disease onset in about 25% of cases [2]. The standard treatment includes IV immunoglobulin and aspirin [3]. There are no specific laboratory markers and the diagnosis is mainly based on a set of clinical criteria, featuring prolonged fever, polymorphous rash, conjunctivitis, mucosal changes, lymphadenopathy, and extremity changes [4]. Systemic arterial aneurysm formation is a very rare entity, affecting 0.8% to 2% of the cases, approximately 3 months after disease onset [5].

Surviving the storm: Insights into the pericardial injuries and roller coaster of multisystem trauma in bomb blast victimsMuhammad Nadeem Ahmad1, Shahzeb Ali2, Muhammad Ahmed1, Naila Nadeem1, Mallick Muhammad Zohaibuddin1, Hatem Eltaly3, Muhammad Owais Rao1, Faheemullah Khan3, Uffan Zafar11 The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.2 Quaid-e-Azam Medical college, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.3 Cleveland Clinic Main Campus Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA .

Title: Colo-Cholecystic Fistula Secondary to Diverticular Disease: A Case ReportAuthors:Fatima Bhojani1Wasim Ahmed Memon1Mallick Muhammad Zohaib Uddin1Muhammad Nadeem Ahmad1Sibgha Khan1Naila Nadeem1Faheemullah Khan2Uffan Zafar11Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi2Cleveland Clinic, Main CampusCorresponding author:Faheemullah KhanEmail: [email protected]: Diverticulum; Diverticular diseases; Biliary Fistula; Radiology; ImagingIntroduction:Fistulous communication between the colon and the biliary tree, or cholecysto-colic fistula (CCF), is a rare clinical entity that poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for clinicians. It accounts for 8-26.5% of all cholecystoenteric fistulas (CEF) (1-3), making it the second most common type of CEFs after cholecystoduodenal fistulas. The incidence of CCF in patients undergoing cholecystectomy is reported to be 0.06-0.14% (2-4). CCF usually occurs in the background of a gallbladder pathology, most commonly gallstones (4,5). Other etiologies include surgery (6,7), cholecystostomy (8) and abdominal wounds (9, 10). Diverticular disease, a common gastrointestinal disorder predominantly affecting the elderly, is characterized by the presence of diverticulae, small pouch-like protrusions, in the colonic wall. Despite its prevalence, the development of a colo-cholecystic fistula in the setting of diverticular disease remains a seldom-reported occurrence in medical literature. To the best of our knowledge, two cases of CCF developing as sequelae of colonic pathologies have been reported (11, 12). One of these reported colonic diverticulosis as the etiological factor of CCF (12).In this report, we present a rare case of colo-cholecystic fistula secondary to diverticular disease of the ascending colon, emphasizing the clinical, radiological, and therapeutic aspects of this unique presentation. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, we aim to enhance understanding of this rare condition, its pathogenesis, diagnostic approach, and optimal management strategies.Case History:A 74 year old male with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and ischemic heart disease, presented as an outpatient to the ultrasound clinic of Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi with the complaint of lower urinary tract symptoms.Methods:Ultrasound kidneys and bladder was performed which showed a soft tissue density polypoidal mass along the right lateral wall of the urinary bladder.As part of the primary team’s management plan, CT abdomen and pelvis with contrast was performed which showed a large polypoidal lesion arising from the base of urinary bladder, indenting and possibly infiltrating the prostate.However, an additional finding of an abnormal linear air-containing tract was identified arising from the ascending colon, extending up to the gallbladder. Another abnormal communication was noted in the region of fundus of the gallbladder with the adjacent hepatic flexure. Air was also seen in the normally distended gallbladder (Figures 1-3). Multiple tiny diverticulae were also seen arising from the ascending colon (Figure 4). These findings were concluded to be resulting from a colo-cholecystic fistula involving the ascending colon secondary to diverticulitis.Two small fluid collections were also identified adjacent to the gallbladder fossa (Figure 4-5). Patient was then electively admitted to the hospital for cystoscopy and transurethral resection of bladder tumor was planned.Patient was started on chemoradiotherapy for bladder carcinoma. However, since the patient did not complain of any related symptoms, no intervention was done for the colo-cholecystic fistula.Conclusion and result:Follow-up CT a year later showed that the fistulous tract between the ascending colon and the biliary tree had healed, and air in the gallbladder lumen had resolved (Figures 6-7).Discussion:Colo-cholecystic fistula is a complex pathological entity often presenting with nonspecific symptoms, making its diagnosis challenging. While the majority of cases are attributed to gallstone disease or inflammatory bowel conditions, the association with diverticular disease is infrequently encountered. To the best of our knowledge, only a single such case has been documented in medical literature where the patient experienced fever and raised white cell counts, and subsequently had to undergo open cholecystectomy (12). On the other hand, in our case, the fistulous communication was symptomless and discovered as an incidental finding. Furthermore, follow-up imaging showed that the fistula had healed in interval.Since CCFs have no specific symptoms or signs, they are often overlooked unless complications occur. These complications include gallstone ileus, ascending cholangitis, or hemorrhage.Common symptoms of CCFs include pain in the right upper quadrant, nausea, vomiting, and intolerance to fatty meals. These symptoms are characteristic of cholecystitis and are of no help in diagnosing CCF.Diagnostic evaluation of colo-cholecystic fistula often necessitates preoperative and intraoperative evaluation. Preoperative diagnosis of CCF is made in only 7.9% of the cases (3). Radiological investigations including x-ray (13), ultrasound (1), barium enema (14), CT (15) and scintigraphy (16) have been useful in identifying CCF. Ibrahim et al. demonstrated intraoperative diagnosis of CCF by intraoperative cholecystography (17).Therapeutic management of colo-cholecystic fistula primarily entails surgical intervention, aimed at cholecystectomy and colonic resection (18). Laparoscopic techniques have gained prominence in recent years, offering advantages of minimally invasive surgery, reduced postoperative pain, and shorter hospital stays (19). Nevertheless, the choice of surgical approach should be tailored to individual patient factors, including the extent of disease involvement, presence of complications, and surgical expertise.Our report underscores the significance of recognizing colo-cholecystic fistula as a potential sequelae of diverticular disease, despite its rarity. Through a comprehensive understanding of its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and diagnostic approach, clinicians can facilitate prompt recognition and appropriate management, thereby optimizing patient outcomes. Further research endeavors are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and refine therapeutic strategies for this intriguing clinical entity.References:Costi R, Randone B, Violi V, Scatton O, Sarli L, Soubrane O, Dousset B, Montariol T. Cholecystocolonic fistula: facts and myths. A review of the 231 published cases. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2009;16(1):8-18. doi: 10.1007/s00534-008-0014-1. Epub 2008 Dec 17. PMID: 19089311.Angrisani L, Corcione F, Tartaglia A, Tricarico A, Rendano F, Vincenti R, et al. Cholecystoenteric fistula (CF) is not a contraindication for laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2001;15:1038–41.Chowbey PK, Bandyopadhyay SK, Sharma A, Khullar R, Soni V, Baijal M. Laparoscopic management of cholecystoenteric fistulas. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2006;16:467–72.Glenn F, Reed C, Grafe WR. Biliary enteric fistula. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1981;153:527–31.Paolucci V, Schaeff B, Schneider M, Gutt C. Tumor seeding following laparoscopy: international survey. World J Surg. 1999;23:989–97.Sing RF, Garberman SF, Frankel AM, Chatzinoff M. Cholecystocolic fistula: an unusual presentation and diagnosis by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Surg Endosc. 1990;4:39–40.Wagtmans M, Kooy M, Snel P. Persistent diarrhoea in cholecystocolic and gastrocolic fistula after gastric surgery. Neth J Med. 1993;43:218–21.Hutchin P, Harrison TS, Halasz NA. Cholecystocolic fistula: a complication of cholecystostomy; with special reference to the management of cholecystostomy. Ann Surg. 1963;157:587–90Griffith CD, Saunders JH. Cholecystoduodenocolic fistula following abdominal trauma. Br J Surg. 1982;69:99–100Ahn SI, Hong KC, Hur YS, Lee KY, Kim SJ, Seo JM, et al. Cholecystocolic fistula caused by blunt trauma. Injury. 2001;32:341–2Menda RK, Chulani HL. Cholecystocolonic fistula following ameboma of the ascending colon: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum. 1971;14:386–8Goenka P, Iqbal M, Manalo G, Youngberg GA, Thomas E. Colo-cholecystic fistula: an unusual complication of colonic diverticular disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999 Sep;94(9):2558-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01396.x. PMID: 10484027.Dutta U, Nagi B, Kumar A, Vaiphei K, Wig JD, Singh K. Pneumobilia—clue to an unusual cause of diarrhea. Trop Gastroenterol. 2002;23:138–40.Hession PR, Rawlinson J, Hall JR, Keating JP, Guyer PB. The clinical and radiological features of cholecystocolic fistulae. Br J Radiol. 1996;69:804–9.Singh AK, Gervais D, Mueller P. Cholecystocolonic fistula: serial CT imaging features. Emerg Radiol. 2004;10:301–2.I131–rose bengal scanning in the detection of cholecystocolic fistula. New use of an established procedure. Am J Gastroenterol. 1977;68:396–8.Ibrahim IM, Wolodiger F, Saber AA, Dennery B. Treatment of cholecystocolonic fistula by laparoscopy. Surg Endosc. 1995;9:728–9Chaffee JS. Cholecystocolic fistula with large bowel hemorrhage. Case report. Ann Surg. 1960;152:901–4.Reddy KM, Fiennes AG. Cholecystocolic fistula at laparoscopic cholecystectomy: primary closure and laparoscopic caecostomy. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1998;8:400–1.Images/Figures:

1 IntroductionSubacute combined degeneration (SCD) is a neurodegenerative demyelinating disease that affects the posterior and lateral columns of the cervical and upper dorsal parts of the spinal cord and is caused primarily by vitamin B12 deficiency. In addition to SCD, vitamin B12 deficiency produces various other neurological and psychiatric symptoms as well as a wide spectrum of hematological abnormalities [1]. Chronic vitamin B12 deficiency has been identified in the majority of patients with hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy), which promotes venous thrombosis and atherosclerosis via various mechanisms [2]. One such case report of a young patient demonstrated severe HHcy secondary to vitamin B12 deficiency as a cause of pulmonary embolism and myocardial infarction [3]. Although the association of deep venous thrombosis with HHcy has been well established [4, 5], its presentation with SCD is not reported in literature to our best of knowledge. The current report describes a 68 years old female who presented with SCD of the spinal cord coexisting with deep venous thrombosis (DVT).

1 INTRODUCTIONPancreatitis is associated with a range of local and systemic complications (1,2). However, fistula formation is noted in only a very small proportion of patients with acute pancreatitis (3). These fistulas are generally a result of disruption of the pancreatic duct, which may be due to several etiologies such as trauma, surgical trauma, pancreatic resection, or those causing pancreatitis (4). Pancreatic duct disruption results in fluid leakage, which causes erosion and formation of pathways, the locations of which depend on the anatomic location of the duct disruption (4). Management of pancreatic fistulas includes medical and nutritional optimization, surgical interventions, endoscopic treatments, and catheter drainage (3, 5-7).Pseudocysts associated with acute pancreatitis are loculated fluid collections that are rich in amylase and usually develop within 2 weeks of onset of pancreatitis (8). They may be intra- or extra-pancreatic, are inflammatory, and lack a true epithelial lining. Just like pancreatic fistulae, pancreatic pseudocysts generally develop secondary to disruption of the pancreatic duct, and resolve spontaneously unless they develop complications (8). The management of pancreatic pseudocysts includes but is not limited to, percutaneous, endoscopic, and surgical drainage among others (9-11).Among these complications, pancreatic pseudocyst stands as a rare but significant entity. A pancreatic pseudocyst represents an abnormal fluid collection originating from the pancreas and can arise as a consequence of acute or chronic pancreatitis and remains relatively uncommon in clinical practice.The clinical presentation of pancreatic pseudocyst may include abdominal pain, fever, and biochemical abnormalities indicative of pancreatic injury.In this report, we present a case of pancreatic pseudocyst formation secondary to pancreatitis in a 42-year-old male, highlighting the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, therapeutic interventions, and outcomes. Through this case, we aim to underscore the importance of early recognition and appropriate management of pancreatic pseudocysts to prevent complications and optimize patient outcomes.