Strategy Photocathode materials Electrolyte Performance about activity and selectivity Ref.
Plasmonic noble metal co-catalysts CuBi2O4 IOs-Ag 0.1M KHCO3 FECO of 92% [37]
Au/TiO2/n+p Si 0.1M KHCO3 jCO of 5.52 mA cm–2, FECO of 86% [38]
Ag-TiO2/RGO 1.0M KOH jtotal of 23.5 mA cm–2, FECH3OH of 60.5% [39]
Au/α-Fe2O3/RGO 0.1M KOH jtotal of −31.5 mA cm–2, FECH3OH of 21.5% [40]
Ag/Cu-TS-1 0.1M KHCO3 C2H5OH yield rate of 2.62 μmol cm–2 h–1 [41]
Cu2O/Ag 0.1M KHCO3 yield rate of 212.7 μmol cm–2 h–1, FECH3COOH of 47.7% [42]
Non-noble metal co-catalysts STA-GO/CoPc 0.1M KHCO3 jtotal of 0.7 mA cm–2, FECO of 86%, FECH3OH of 8% [50]
Si|mesoTiO2|CoPcP 0.5M KHCO3 TONco of 939 ± 132, FECO of 66% [51]
Junction Engineering Nanosturcture Engineering Defect Engineering Si|TiO2|CNT|CoII(BrqPy) Si|mesoTiO2|CotpyP CuS/GaN/Si Bi/GaN/Si Sn NP/GaN NW/Si Cu3(BTC)2/Cu2O CuNx/CuO Cu NPs/Si NWs Cu/TiO2/p-Si Bi@ZFO NTs CuO/g-C3N4/carbon paper CeO2 NPs/CuO NPs/Cu ZnPc/carbon nitride CdS-CuFe2O4 Pd@TiO2/Ti3CN CuFeO2/CuO nanowire CuFeO2/TNNTs BCW-6 g-C3N4/ZnTe Znx:Coy@Cu Au-TiO2/InP ZnO@ZnSe b-Au1/Si TO600 Ag/WO3-NR Ag-supported dendritic Cu n+p-Si μW/Cu Cu−Ag thin film CdS/NCP Pt on g-C3N4 p-Si/n-ZnOv/p-CuxO CZTS/CdS 0.1M KHCO3 MeCN with 0.1M TBABF4 0.1M KHCO3 0.1M KHCO3 0.1M KHCO3 MeCN with 0.1M TBAPF6 0.1M KHCO3 0.1M KHCO3 0.1M CsHCO3 0.1M KHCO3 0.1M NaHCO3 0.1M KHCO3 0.1M KHCO3 0.1M NaHCO3 0.1M KHCO3 Triethanolamine 0.1M NaHCO3 0.1M KHCO3 0.1M KHCO3 0.1M KHCO3 0.1M KHCO3 0.5M NaHCO3 0.1M KHCO3 1M KOH 0.1M KHCO3 0.1M CsHCO3 0.1M KHCO3 0.1M KHCO3 0.5M KHCO3 0.5M Na2SO4 0.1M KHCO3 0.1M KHCO3 jtotal of −1.4 mA cm–2, FECO of 97% TON of 381 jHCOOH of 7.07 mA cm–2, FEHCOOH of 70.2% jHCOOH of 10.3 mA cm–2, FEHCOOH of 98% jtotal of 17.5 mA cm–2, FEHCOOH of 76.9% FECO of about 95% jtotal of −1.0 mA cm–2, FEC2 of 15.2% jC2H4 exceeding 2.5 mA cm–2, FEC2H4 of about 25% jC2H4 of −2.3 mA cm–2 FEHCOOH of 61.2% FECH3OH of 75% CH3OH yield rate of 3.44 μmol cm–2 h–1, FECH3OH of 60% CH3OH yield of 13 μmol L–1 CH3OH yield of 23.8 μmol L–1 cm–2, FECH3OH of 72% yield rate of 45.6 μM cm–2 h–1 FEC2H5OH of 66.73% jtotal of 80 μA cm–2, C2H5OH yield rate of 3.3 μmol/5h·cm–2 C2H5OH yield rate of 600 μmol h–1 g–1, FEC2H5OH of 80% C2H5OH yield rate of 17.1 μmol cm–2 h–1 paraffin yield rate of 325μg h–1 FECO of 84.2% jtotal of 1.17 mA cm–2, FECO of 52.9% jtotal of −13.1 mA cm–2, FECO of 82.2% HCOOH yield rate of 165 μmol cm–2 h–1, FEHCOOH of 64% jHCOO– of 0.4 mA cm–2, HCOO yield rate of 31.7 mmol h–1 FEC2+ of 60% jCH4 of 2.9 \(\pm\) 0.7 mA cm–2, jC2H4 of 2.1 \(\pm\) 0.2 mA cm–2 FECO of 79.8%, FECH4 of 59.3% FECH3OH of 77.3% CO yield rate of 6.21 μmol h–1 FEC2H5OH of exceeding 60% CO yield rate of 2.31 μmol cm–2 h–1 [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103]