Abstract
Stratospheric Sudden Warmings (SSWs) predominantly occur in the Northern
Hemisphere with only 1 major event recorded in the Southern Hemisphere
in the satellite era. Investigating factors that contribute to this
asymmetry can help to reveal the cause of SSWs and lead to improved
forecasts. Here we use climate model simulations to investigate the
impact of boundary conditions (topography and ocean circulation) on the
asymmetry. Flattening topography eliminates Northern Hemisphere SSWs,
while removing the ocean meridional overturning circulation reduces
their frequency by half. The SSW response to boundary conditions is
controlled by decrease in hemispheric asymmetry of eddy heat flux. The
reduction is driven by a decrease in amplitude of both eddy meridional
wind and eddy temperature, as well as an increase in the difference
between their phases. The results suggest boundary conditions play an
important role in shaping SSWs, especially topographic forcing, but that
the boundary condition interactions are nonlinear.