Crustal deformation and seismic velocity perturbations in the Alto
Tiberina fault zone (Northern Apennines, Italy)
Abstract
Crustal perturbations related to seismic activity can generally be
observed with the occurrence of a large magnitude event. For less
energetic seismic sequences though, the associated transient crustal
variations are questionably measurable, and their observation gets
easily obscured by relatively stronger perturbations such as the ones
related to hydrological processes. In this study we reveal the
significant role that terrestrial water-storage variations play in
governing temporal crustal changes in the tectonically active Northern
Apennines of Italy, and discuss the potential of accounting for its
correction in order to monitor the relatively weaker transient
perturbations caused by local seismic swarms. This area is characterized
by an extensive level of low-energetic seismic activity, typically
clustered in time and space, of which three main seismic swarms outstand
during the 12-year period of study (2010-2021). Our analysis compares
independent observations and processing methods of GNSS measurements and
ambient seismic noise recordings. We adopt a multivariate statistical
approach to discriminate between independent sources of ground
deformation, and seismic noise cross-correlation analysis to monitor
relative seismic-velocity variations. The result shows how the
perturbation effects produced by variations in total water content are
dominant in both time series of ground deformations and seismic-velocity
variations. After correcting for the water-related variation effects,
our monitoring results reveal perturbations in the crustal properties
whose activation time and depth range correlate with the occurrences of
the seismic swarms.