An Economical Open-Source Lagrangian Drifter Design to Measure Deep
Currents in Lakes
Abstract
The objective was to construct and test an economical, accurate, and
open-source Lagrangian drifter design suitable for lakes <200
km2. Lagrangian drifters are used to trace water currents in marine and
freshwater settings and comprise of a low-friction surface float
containing instrumentation for location and environmental measurement,
tethered to a high-friction drogue at the depth of interest. Oceanic
drifters are robust but expensive, and this design tailored to inland
lake waterbodies fills a durability and cost gap for lake environments.
Water-following characteristics were tested using theoretical drag
coefficient calculations, practical drag measurements, and comparison of
wind and drifter vectors while deployed on two deep inland lakes
(maximum area 175 km2) in the Finger Lakes region of New York, USA. The
ratio of drag between float and drogue met or exceeded the minimum value
of 40 recommended in the literature, and the vectors of wind and drifter
during deployment were independent of one another, meaning the device
accurately traced the movement of water currents at depth without undue
influence of wind and waves. Each device cost USD $265 in 2021 and was
built from materials readily available at hardware and sporting goods
stores, allowing their use by research institutions and communities with
smaller budgets. This design reliably measured lake currents at sampling
depths that ranged from to 30 m. We anticipate that this design will
have application to a wide range of hydrodynamic and ecological research
where empirical insights to physical processes like lake currents are
sought by scientists and managers.